SPORTS SPECIALIZED YOUTH ATHLETES EXHIBIT LOWER RISK QUALITY OF MOTION THAN NON-SPECIALIZED ADOLESCENTS

Background: Quality of motion and neuromuscular balance are noted predictors of acute injury risk. Early sports specialization and extremely high activity levels have been linked to high risk of injury, especially overuse injury. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate for any relationships between quality of physical movement, quantity of physical activity, and degree of sports specialization in a healthy cohort of children and adolescents. Methods: Healthy children between the ages 10 and 18 completed the HSS Pedi-FABS to assess quantity of physical activity and the Jayanthi scale to assess degree of sports specialization. Quality of motion was assessed using motion analysis sensors (DorsaVi, Kew, Australia) during 5 repetitions of 4 different jumping and squatting motions (Table 1). For each repetition, one point was given for low risk of injury anterior or medial/lateral motion, for a maximum score of 2 per leg. Quality of motion scores were summed for a maximum score of 100 per participant. Specialization level was dichotomized as high specialization with a Jayanthi scale score of 2 or 3 and low specialization with a score of 1 or 2. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare high vs. low specialization participants on physical activity quantity and overall quality of motion. A Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between quantity of physical activity and quality of motion. Results: Final analyses included 147 participants (72% male) with a mean age of 13.4 ± 2.2 years. For the entire cohort, the mean Pedi-FABS score was 22.9 ± 6.8, the mean quality score was 25.5 ± 13.5 and 73% were highly specialized. Participants that were highly specialized displayed low risk motion more frequently than participants with low sport specialization (27.6 ± 14.0 vs 19.8 ± 10.1, p < 0.01; Table 2). Highly specialized participants had significantly higher activity levels (24.6 ± 5.9 vs 18.1 ± 6.9, p < 0.001). Additionally, quality of motion was moderately correlated with physical activity level (r = 0.349, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall quality of motion as in jump-landing tasks in healthy children was better in highly specialized participants. Taken together with existing literature, although early specialization may put young athletes at risk for overuse injuries, highly sports specialized youth athletes may be at lower risk for acute injury. Future research should explore associations between sports specialization, physical activity, save movement patterns, and athletic injuries. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Multi-objective reliability-based optimal synthesis of path generating four-bar mechanisms: A cooperative game theoretic approach

In this study, a novel approach based on synergy of cooperative game theory, reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is proposed to address the reliability-based multi-objective optimal synthesis of path generating four-bar mechanisms, taking into account the influence of dimensional uncertainty on the reliability of mechanism. Tracking error ([Formula: see text]), deviation of transmission angle from 90° ([Formula: see text]) and probability of failure of Grashof constraint are defined as three performance criteria whose minimization enhance the precision, quality of motion and reliability of mechanism, respectively. To do so, three objective functions are considered, namely, precision ([Formula: see text]), quality of motion ([Formula: see text]) and reliability ([Formula: see text]); each objective function is assigned to a player. To conduct the optimization procedure, a game model is proposed, in which the cooperative game scenario is employed by defining a Nash bargaining function to model the interaction between players. In this way, the three-objective optimum design of mechanism is cast into a single-objective optimization problem. The comparisons of the obtained results using the method of this research with those reported in the literature shows a significant improvement in reliability of mechanism, whilst both precision and quality of motion in deterministic design is maintained. Particularly, the tracking error and the deviation of transmission angle from 90° of the synthesized mechanism is 0.0006 and 666.36 respectively, whilst the reliability is guaranteed since no violation of Grashof constraint occurs in the presence of 10% parameter uncertainty.

Effectiveness of hand splints on upper limb skills and functional activities in children with cerebral palsy: a review

Cerebral Palsy is a non-progressive neurological disorder in which children may experience similar physical limitations, including those related to upper limb skills that affect the child's ability to participate in age-specific activities. The use of hand-splints in children with neurological conditions is little reported, they continue to be widely used to improve upper limb skills and functional activities. This review was done to investigate the use and effects of hand splints in Cerebral Palsy patient as orthotic treatment found to be very positive result in correcting and maintaining the achieved results. Electronic database search was conducted using Google scholar, Science direct, Pub Med, Cochrane Library and reference lists from all retrieved articles. Common problems in upper limb due to CP are flexion contractures of the fingers and wrist due to spasticity, pronation deformity of the forearm, thumb-in-palm deformity and hand-related disabilities, all lead to decrease in grip and muscle strength. Hand splints are often used to help a weak or ineffective joint or muscle to enhance a person's arm or hand posture, mobility, quality of motion, and function. The findings suggest that children with CP experience increased grip strength and fine motor dexterity when using different hand splints. This review summarizes the present state of understanding the extent to which orthotic management in CP can improve in the patient’s skills and functional activities by improving the muscle strength and hand function, also offers clinical suggestions for prescribing orthosis in order to optimize efficacy.

Threshold Modeling of Basic Statistical Methods for Effective Motion Detection in Video Surveillance

This paper empirical investigates two basic statistical methods namely Adaptive Median and Adaptive Mean for motion detection in video surveillance for the optimization of parameters namely threshold and the refresh rate of background frame used in these methods. Experimentation shows that the optimum choice of parameters majorly affects the quality of motion detection. The performance of methods for different parameters is measured using precision, recall and f1-score. PR curves are also drawn which are based on precision and recall values to show the effect of different parameters. Test data includes six data sets from different scenarios of ‘CDNet2012’. Experimental results verify that for every method there are fixed values of parameters with slight variations which gives better result of object motion. These parameter values can be used or adapted for future experimentation on these methods with respect to each scenario.

RELATIVISTIC LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM OF A BODY IN THE ASPECT OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF FORM AND CONTENT, AS A REFLECTION OF CHANGES IN SPACE (VOLUME) AND TIME

The article continues the systematic presentation of the results of the expansion of the special theory of relativity in the categories of mass and speed as a quality of the substance contained in the body and the quality of motion, as well as volume (form space) and time as their quantity. The translation of the statement about the conservation of energy and momentum from a principle reflecting a general, everywhere and always applicable regularity, into a specific formulaic expression of the Law for a given phenomenon is presented.

RELATIVISTIC LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE ASPECT OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF FORM AND CONTENT, AS A REFLECTION OF CHANGES IN SPACE (VOLUME) AND TIME

The article contains a systematic presentation of the results of the expansion of the special theory of relativity by additionally taking into account mass and speed in the category of content, that is, the quality of the substance contained in the body and the quality of motion, as well as the volume (space of form) and time, that is, their quantity. The interrelationships of mass, energy and speed, that play the role of physical laws, are established, and their philosophical interpretation is given from the standpoint of complementarity is given. The relativistic law of conservation of energy has been derived in the aspect of complementarity of form and content, as a reflection of changes in space (volume) and time.

Training Of Basic Techniques For Sepakraw Playing For Teachers Of Penjasorkes Basic School Of Padang Utara Sub-District

Sports is one aspect of development that is gaining national attention in Indonesia, especially in efforts to improve nurseries, coaching, and achievement sports. Nurseries, coaching and improving the performance of sports not only in certain branches but also includes all sports activities in the community including Sepaktakraw sports. The sport of Sepaktakraw is very interesting, and it needs to be taken seriously because the game of Sepaktakraw is a very useful game and has developed a lot in Indonesia, especially in West Sumatra. This sport is popular because Sepaktakraw is full of beautiful acrobatic movements and is beneficial for bodily health. Nurseries, coaching activities towards achieving maximum achievement for this need to be held various preparations, especially the problem of coaches, athletes, organizations, infrastructure, and training programs, in order to improve the achievement to a higher level. In an effort to improve the quality of motion and improve the achievements of athletes in the game Sepak takraw, the technique is very closely related to the ability of movement, physical condition, tactics, and mental. One of the most basic places for coaching is in schools and through Physical Education learning. In connection with this, it is necessary to have training in basic techniques of sepaktakraw games for Penjasorkes teachers in Primary Schools in Padang Utara District, Padang City so that teachers can begin to do sepaktakraw training for students since elementary school.

Training Of Basic Techniques For Sepakraw Playing For Teachers Of Penjasorkes Basic School Of Padang Utara Sub-District

Sports is one aspect of development that is gaining national attention in Indonesia, especially in efforts to improve nurseries, coaching, and achievement sports. Nurseries, coaching and improving the performance of sports not only in certain branches but also includes all sports activities in the community including Sepaktakraw sports. The sport of Sepaktakraw is very interesting, and it needs to be taken seriously because the game of Sepaktakraw is a very useful game and has developed a lot in Indonesia, especially in West Sumatra. This sport is popular because Sepaktakraw is full of beautiful acrobatic movements and is beneficial for bodily health. Nurseries, coaching activities towards achieving maximum achievement for this need to be held various preparations, especially the problem of coaches, athletes, organizations, infrastructure, and training programs, in order to improve the achievement to a higher level. In an effort to improve the quality of motion and improve the achievements of athletes in the game Sepak takraw, the technique is very closely related to the ability of movement, physical condition, tactics, and mental. One of the most basic places for coaching is in schools and through Physical Education learning. In connection with this, it is necessary to have training in basic techniques of sepaktakraw games for Penjasorkes teachers in Primary Schools in Padang Utara District, Padang City so that teachers can begin to do sepaktakraw training for students since elementary school.