scholarly journals Variation of rain water quality with storage time for different coloured storage containers

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1689-1697
Author(s):  
E.M. Oladele ◽  
O.M. Ojo ◽  
A.S. Adewuyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

It is very important to evaluate the quality of rain water collected and stored in cisterns and storage tanks. In this study, rainwater quality analysis was carried out on samples collected from an experimental set -up at the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The physio-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of rainwater collected and stored using four different coloured containers under outdoor and indoor conditions were analyzed and the results compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standard for potable water. The results of the physio-chemical analysis revealed that the colour, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate, sulphate, iron and copper of all the rainwater samples fell within WHO acceptable standards for potable water. The pH of the harvested rainwater of the samples ranged from 5.34 – 6.73 mg/l for the indoor stored rainwater samples and 5.28 – 6.59 mg/l for the outdoor stored samples. The pH of the water samples did not fall with WHO permissible limit of 6.5 to 8.5. The Nitrate content of the water samples also did not fall within WHO permissible limit. Similarly, the total coliform count did not conform to WHO standard for potable water. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is recommended that harvested rainwater be treated to kill contaminating microorganisms and to reduce the health risks associated with its consumption.

scholarly journals Harvested Rainwater Quality: A Case Study Of Aule In Akure, South Western Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Ochuko Mary Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Health Organization

The quality of harvested rainwater in Aule area of Akure, South western Nigeria was assessed in this study. Water samples were collected from 25 rain water storage tanks within the study area and a well was used as a control. The water samples were subjected to detailed laboratory analysis and the results obtained was compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. The turbidity values ranged from 2.7 to 9.1 NTU for the harvested rainwater samples while the well water sample had a turbidity of 2.3 NTU. The conductivity values for the rainwater samples ranged from 101 to 1328 Ωs/cm. The conductivity value was lower in the well water (164 Ωs/cm) than in most of the harvested rain water samples. The pH of the harvested rainwater ranged from 6.1 to 7.4 with 36 % of the water samples having a pH less than the WHO minimum limit of 6.5. The pH of the well water sample was 7.4 and was within the WHO acceptable limits of 6.5 to 8.5. All the sampled rainwaters and well water had bacteria in them. The total bacterial content of the rain water samples ranged from 05 to 28 CFU/100 mL, while that of the well was 05 CFU/100 mL. The total coliform contents of the rainwater samples ranged from 03 to 18 CFU/100 mL, while that of the well was 02 CFU/ 100 mL. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is recommended that harvested rainwater be treated to kill contaminating microorganisms and to reduce the health risks associated with its consumption.

Studying of Physio-chemical Properties of The Groundwater in AL-A’lam City

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Haneen Khudhair ◽  
Rand Ahmed ◽  
Rim Hussein ◽  
Hassain Ibrahim ◽  
Omer Hassain
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Physical And Chemical

he present study was conducted for eight wells that are distributed in A’alam subdistrict in Salah al-Din province to assess the groundwater quality in this area. Water samples from these wells were taken during three months periods, one sample per month. Some physical and chemical properties of the water samples were tested by conducting on-site and laboratory tests. The water temperatures of the wells were recorded to assess its relationship with many properties of the water, including basal. The results indicated that the water of the studied wells was warm during the study period, and its temperature range was (19-24) ° C. The pH was measured and also its values were in the range (7.44-8.4). The values of total dissolved solids exceeded the permissible limits, with a minimum value of (1930) mg/L which is higher than the permissible limit in the drinking water relating to the Iraqi standard and the specifications of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (1000) mg/L. This increase led to a significant increase in the electrical conductivity values, which reached its lowest recorded value of (3940) microsmins/cm, which is above the permissible limit (1500) microsmins/cm. The concentration of chloride ion, which is in the range (482.7-1053) mg/L and sulfur ions, which recorded its lowest value (411) mg/L, and also this exceeded the permissible limits for both ions (250) mg/L according to the Iraqi standard and WHO standards. The study covered all the studied wells water, and its depth are found in the range (80-160) meters, which is very hard water, with a concentration of (180) mg/L. The results indicate that the water was permanently exposed to pollution and is far from optimal for most of the time. Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to produce spatial maps of the study area showing the distribution of the characteristics studied, thus providing a future database for the region, which could be used to diagnose pollution wherever it would be found

scholarly journals Exposure assessment of treated greywater reused for irrigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siraporn Potivichayanon ◽  
Nalin Sittitoon ◽  
Björn Vinnerås
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

Abstract The aim of study was to assess the risk of exposure of treated greywater reused for irrigation. It consisted of untreated and treated greywater quality analysis and heavy metal exposure assessment. After treatment with a local conventional stabilization pond, parameters such as BOD, COD, Zn, and Pb dropped to 35.63, 9.95, 0.011, and 0.001 mg/L, respectively. Total coliform and fecal coliform were decreased to 23,417 and 5,666 MPN/100 mL, respectively. These results showed almost all detected contaminants in treated greywater were minimized and did not exceed Thailand's standard and World Health Organization guidelines. After that, treated greywater was reused for irrigation. There were three vegetable plots: treated greywater, tap water with fertilizer, and tap water. There were seven edible plants, four leafy and three fruiting vegetables, cultivated in each plot. Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Hg were detected depending on kind of plant; for example, the maximum concentration was found in leafy vegetables. However, the concentrations of contaminants did not exceed the Codex standard for contaminants and toxins in foods and Thailand's standard. Risk characterization showed no risk with a hazard quotient far less than 1. Therefore, treated greywater reuse could be considered to promote sustainable water management in community.

scholarly journals Manganese in potable water of nine districts, Bangladesh: Human health risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Aminur Rahman ◽  
Md. Abul Hashem ◽  
Md. Sohel Rana ◽  
Md. Rashidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Safe drinking water is directly linked to good human health. An excessive amount of manganese (Mn) in drinking water supplies causes people show symptoms of neurotoxicity. In this study, the level of Mn in potable water sourced from tube wells located in 9 (nine) districts of Bangladesh was monitored. In total 170 (one hundred and seventy) water samples were collected and Mn was quantified by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The levels of Mn found in the tube well water samples of Sirajganj, Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhenaidah, Magura, Faridpur, Jashore, Satkhira, and Khulna were 0.37–1.86, 0.10–4.11, 0.30–0.76, 0.26–0.94, 0.01–0.18, 0.21–1.78, 0.08–1.23, 0.05–0.27 and 0.01–2.11 mg/L, respectively. Results revealed that Mn level was beyond the highest contaminated levels of 0.1 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L, which are recommended by Bangladesh Drinking Standard (BDS) and World Health Organization (WHO), respectively. The maximum Mn contaminated level reached up to 4.11 mg/L (mean: 0.53 mg/L). The Mn level in tube well water exceeded 51.1% and 75.9% set by the recommended value of WHO and BDS, respectively. Furthermore, the calculated hazard quotient (HQ) value for Mn was observed to be greater than unity, indicating both children and adults risked potential non-carcinogenic health issues. The water supply authorities should take steps to provide Mn-free drinking water for communities.

scholarly journals Assessment of Some Heavy Metals and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water of Matara-Uku Wetlands

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Abbas Umar Haruna ◽  
Yahaya Abdullahi Muhammad ◽  
Zaharaddeen Muhammad ◽  
Misbahu Said Ahmad ◽  
Fatima Abdullahi Goje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maximum Contaminant Level ◽  
Contaminant Level ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mean Concentration

The study assessed the levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and some heavy metals in Matara-Uku wetland. Twenty water samples were collected from surface water of Matara-Uku using polyethene plastic container, the physicochemical parameters of the samples were measured and the samples were analyzed for Nitrogen, Phosphorous and heavy metals. Results from physicochemical analysis are obtained as; pH (7.6 – 8.0), total dissolve solid (70.82 - 84.26 mg/l), electric conductivity (105.0 – 163.0 μs/cm) and temperature (24.4 – 25.4ºC). All the results are in line with World Health Organization standard of 6.5 - 8.5, <600 mg/l, 400 μs/cm and ambient temperature respectively.  The Nitrogen and phosphorous were analyzed using UV- Visible spectrophotometer. From the results, it was found that all the samples had Nitrogen level below the World Health Organization maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L with a mean concentration range (0.2293 ± 0.0057) mg/L to (2.2455 ± 0.0216) mg/L. Phosphorus was also analyzed and the results indicated that all the sampling sites had phosphorus level above the WHO maximum contaminant level of 0.03 mg/L with a mean concentration range (3.8208 ± 0.4109) mg/L to (4.56 ± 0.1325) mg/L. The water samples were digested using concentrated HCl and HNO3, in which the digested samples were used for heavy metals analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean concentrations of the heavy metals analyzed were between the ranges Pb (0.1272 ± 0.0445) mg/L to (0.2727 ± 0.1285) mg/L, Cd (0.0026 ± 0.0024) mg/L to (0.0053 ± 0.0054) mg/L and Ni (0.0705 ± 0.0235) mg/L to (0.1411 ± 0.0819) mg/L respectively. Concentrations of Cd and Ni are generally below the maximum permissible limit of 0.03 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, whereas concentrations of Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 0.01 mg/L for surface water. It was concluded that the surface water of Matara-Uku is polluted with respect to Pb, which is known to bio-accumulate and even undergo bio-magnification in organisms such as fishes and even plants with serious health implications to human being.

scholarly journals OCORRÊNCIA DO HERBICIDA TEBUTHIURON NA ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA DA MICROBACIA DO CÓRREGO ESPRAIADO, RIBEIRÃO PRETO - SP

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO ANTONIO FERREIRA GOMES ◽  
CLÁUDIO A. SPADOTTO ◽  
VERA LÚCIA LANCHOTTE
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contamination Risk ◽  
Soil Mobility ◽  
Drinkable Water ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Monitoring Area

Pretendeu-se mostrar que o herbicida Tebuthiuron, selecionado entre outros usados na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, oferece risco de contaminação para a água subterrânea em função de suas características físico-químicas, principalmente, quando aplicado em áreas de recarga direta de aqüíferos consideradas de alta vulnerabilidade natural. Assim, efetuou-se monitoramento do referido herbicida no período compreendido entre 1995 e 1999, coletando amostras de água de poço semi-artesiano, com 53 metros de profundidade, localizado na microbacia do Córrego Espraiado, município de Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brasil, no qual tem sido freqüente o uso do produto em questão. Para efeito de testemunha da amostra de água foi considerado um poço semi-artesiano de profundidade semelhante, localizado cerca de três quilômetros de distância do poço objeto de monitoramento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Tebuthiuron está presente em todas as amostras analisadas, embora em concentrações abaixo do nível crítico para padrão de potabilidade, conforme os limites mais restritivos estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (para os pesticidas em uso é de 0,1 µg/L por pesticida e de 0,5 µg/L para pesticidas totais). Mesmo com os baixos valores de concentração encontrados fica evidente que o Tebuthiuron está atingindo a água subterrânea podendo aumentar sua concentração pela existência de condições ambientais favoráveis à preservação da molécula em profundidade (tais como baixa temperatura, baixa atividade biológica e ausência de luz). Caso o nível crítico seja atingido, o risco de contaminação poderia ser minimizado por meio da substituição do Tebuthiuron por outro herbicida com menor mobilidade no perfil do solo. OCCURRENCE OF THE HERBICIDE TEBUTHIURON IN GROUNDWATER OF ESPRAIADO CATCHMENT RIBEIRAO PRETO - SP (BRASIL) Abstract The herbicide Tebuthiuron, selected among others utilized in sugar-cane crop, shows groundwater contamination risk due to its physicochemical properties, mainly, when applied in direct recharge areas of aquifers considered of high natural vulnerability. In this context, the monitoring of this herbicide in the period of 1995 through 1999 was realized, by collecting water samples of aquifers 53 m depht, located in Espraiado catchment, Ribeirao Preto/SP (Brazil) in which the product has been extensively used. For blank assays it was utilized water samples collected similarly 3 Km away from the monitoring area. The results obtained showed that Tebuthiuron is present in all analyzed samples. Although in lower concentrations of the critical level for drinkable water, following the restrictive limits established by World Health Organization (for pesticides in use is 0,1 µg/L by pesticide and of 0,5 µg/L for total pesticides). Even if the low concentration values found it is evident that the Tebuthiuron affects the groundwater, and could enhance its concentration by favorable ambiental conditions for molecule preservation in deep water (such as low temperature, low biological activity and absence of light). The present scenary reflects contamination risk in case of reaching the critical level, which could only be minimized by the substitution of Thebuthiuron for other herbicide with lower soil mobility.

scholarly journals Assessment of drinking water contamination in food stalls of Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Rahman Shaibur ◽  
Mohammed Sadid Hossain ◽  
Shirina Khatun ◽  
F. K. Sayema Tanzia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the quality of drinking water supplied in different types of food stalls in Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh. A total of 35 water samples were collected from different tea stalls, street side fast food stalls, normal restaurants and well-furnished restaurants. The water quality was evaluated by determining the distinct physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results revealed that the water used in the food stalls and restaurants for drinking purpose was in desired quality in terms of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), phosphate (PO43−), chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations. The values were within the permissible limit proposed by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Health Organization. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) found in several samples were higher than the World Health Organization standard. Iron (Fe) concentrations were higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. Only 46% exceeded the permissible limit of Bangladesh Bureau Statistics. The threatening result was that the samples were contaminated by fecal coliform, indicating that the people of Jashore Municipality may have a greater chance of being affected by pathogenic bacteria. The drinking water provided in the street side fast food stalls was biologically contaminated. The findings demonstrate that the drinking water used in food stalls and restaurants of Jashore Municipality did not meet up the potable drinking water quality standards and therefore was detrimental to public health.

scholarly journals Circulation and Molecular Epidemiology of Enteroviruses in Paralyzed, Immunodeficient and Healthy Individuals in Tunisia, a Country with a Polio-Free Status for Decades

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Anissa Chouikha ◽  
Dorra Rezig ◽  
Nadia Driss ◽  
Ichrak Abdelkhalek ◽  
Ahlem Ben Yahia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Warning System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Type 3

This report is an overview of enterovirus (EV) detection in Tunisian polio-suspected paralytic cases (acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases), healthy contacts and patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) during an 11-year period. A total of 2735 clinical samples were analyzed for EV isolation and type identification, according to the recommended protocols of the World Health Organization. Three poliovirus (PV) serotypes and 28 different nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected. The NPEV detection rate was 4.3%, 2.8% and 12.4% in AFP cases, healthy contacts and PID patients, respectively. The predominant species was EV-B, and the circulation of viruses from species EV-A was noted since 2011. All PVs detected were of Sabin origin. The PV detection rate was higher in PID patients compared to AFP cases and contacts (6.8%, 1.5% and 1.3% respectively). PV2 was not detected since 2015. Using nucleotide sequencing of the entire VP1 region, 61 strains were characterized as Sabin-like. Among them, six strains of types 1 and 3 PV were identified as pre-vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Five type 2 PV, four strains belonging to type 1 PV and two strains belonging to type 3 PV, were classified as iVDPVs. The data presented provide a comprehensive picture of EVs circulating in Tunisia over an 11-year period, reveal changes in their epidemiology as compared to previous studies and highlight the need to set up a warning system to avoid unnoticed PVs.

FC 134WATER SAVING COMPARISON AT DIFFERENT DIALYSATE FLOWS IN EXPANDED HEMODIALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Molano-Triviño ◽  
Jasmin Vesga ◽  
Gregorio Romero ◽  
Claudio Ronco
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Dialysate Flow ◽  
Middle Molecules ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Water Waste

Abstract Background and Aims Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) improves clearance of middle molecules as a target for uremia treatment. According to previously published results, high cut off filters have high enough clearance to allow diminishing of dialysate flow (Qd) without detrimental in HD adequacy outcomes with less water waste. According to World Health Organization (WHO), globally, almost 800 million people lack access to safe water and 2.5 billion lack access to optimal sanitation. Is our duty to search for ways to avoid water waste. Our aim is to describe the differences in water use between HDX patients receiving Qd 400 mL/min (Group 1) vs 500 ml/min (group 2) in HD patients from 10 renal clinics in Colombia as an alternative to reduce water waste in chronic HD as a strategy from Blue Planet Dialysis initiatives. Method We performed a Sub-analysis of CORHEX Study: We calculated water use at different Qd from our database: prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study of 992 adult patients undergoing chronic HD from 12 renal clinics in Colombia who were switched from high-flux HD to MCO therapy and observed for 12 months. All patients were prescribed with HDX three times a week for a minimum of 4 hours. We analysed patients with weight lower than 70 Kg at different Qd prescriptions to calculate water use at different Qd prescriptions and performed a prediction analysis, adjusting to Qd 400 mL/min, the whole potential population with weight lower than 70 Kg. Results 462 patients with weight lower than 70 Kg were analysed, 127 patients received Qd 400 mL/min. When diminishing Qd from 500 to 400 mL/min, 24 litres were saved per session per patient without detriment of middle molecule clearance. There were no differences in adequacy HD parameters between Qd prescriptions (Table 1 and 2). Conclusion HDX allows lowering of Qd to 400 mL/min without harm for patients and with remarkable savings of potable water: 24 Litres were saved in each session per patient that can be translated in almost 3500 Litres of water each year by patient which is enough for one year for 47 adults. (Based on the WHO minimum for basic health protection of at least 20 L per person/day) (2). We consider our results especially relevant since the World Health Organization estimates that within the next 5 years, over 50% of world population could reside in geographies lacking sufficient access to water. We hope that our results from the Blue Planet dialysis research group, alongside with Dr. Agar`s and Dr. Barraclough`s green nephrology initiatives, can help educate the nephrology community on the ecological impact of dialysis and can present an innovative solution to offer HD therapy even in countries suffering from limited access to potable water.

scholarly journals Knowledge of HIV and benefits of male medical circumcision amongst clients in an urban area

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abidemi Faleye
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Preventative Strategy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Male medical circumcision (MMC) has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in circumcised men by up to 60%. Following recommendations from the World Health Organization, South Africa adopted MMC as a preventative strategy against HIV in 2010 and set up circumcision camps across the country. Concerns have been raised about condom avoidance following MMC because of a mistaken belief about the benefits of MMC.Aim and setting: The aim of this study was to describe the profile and knowledge about HIV and circumcision amongst men presenting for MMC in an urban area in KwaZulu-Natal.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 394 clients over the age of 18 years who presented to two MMC sites in Durban between November 2012 and March 2013. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data.Results: The mean age of clients presenting for MMC was 28 years. Most clients were black, single, unemployed and sexually active. The majority presented for MMC because they believed that MMC would reduce their risk of acquiring HIV infection. Knowledge about HIV transmission was very good and 86.3% of clients were aware that risky sexual behaviour suchas condom avoidance could reverse the benefits of MMC.Conclusion: The knowledge of HIV and benefits of MMC was very good amongst those presenting for MMC. However as MMC is primarily a preventative strategy, innovative methods to promote MMC prior to first sexual encounter need to be explored. Further research is needed to determine whether the benefits of MMC on the reduction of HIV transmission aresustained in routine practice. [Full text article to follow]

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