UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS IN ONLINE CONTRACTS: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ONLINE BOOKING OF FLIGHT TICKETS

E-businesses and online transaction have become a norm in today’s society. One of the industries that use e-businesses extensively is tourism business and buying online flight ticket is the most common feature of today’s way of travelling. In online booking of flight ticket transaction, the standard terms and standard form contracts are generally used to legalize the transactions and consumers have to agree to all the standard terms prior to payment and finalizing the transaction. Unfair contract terms are terms which may unfairly exclude or limit liabilities in a contract and such terms are legal and binding if agreed and accepted by the contractual parties. It is observed that the application of unfair contract terms is not knowingly or conscientiously accepted by one or some contractual parties as they are normally inserted as standard terms in standard form contracts. It is perceived that with the current practices of standard terms and standard form contracts in online booking of flight tickets, consumers might be a prey of unfair contract terms. This normally occurs when consumers or purchaser agreed to all terms of the airlines operators/companies without properly or vigilantly reading the whole agreements. This paper analyse the principles, application and effect of unfair contract terms in online booking of flight tickets agreements. For the purpose of discussion in this paper, references are only made to online terms and contract used by airlines companies incorporated in Malaysia.

ELECTRONIC SHAREHOLDERS’ MEETING AS A NEW NORM AFTER COVID-19: IS MALAYSIA READY?

Electronic shareholders’ meeting is a modern method of conducting a shareholders’ meeting. When it was first introduced, the corporate community was less excited to take advantage of it. This situation changed when the world faced the COVID-19 pandemic. When human movement is being controlled to break the chain of infections, companies see electronic meetings as an alternative to hold shareholder meetings. Whether it can survive as the new norm of the corporate world depends on various factors. This paper analyse three things deem fundamental in assessing the issue. First is the law that can be the basis of its implementation. The second is support from infrastructure. The third is the ability of shareholders to participate in it. At the end of this discussion, it is concluded that Malaysia has all three requirements as forwarded by this paper. As such, Malaysia may be considered ready to accept electronic meetings as a new norm in organising shareholders’ meetings.

Toward an Integrated Segment Reporting: Between Tradition and Innovation

This paper aims to focus on the contribution of the approach by segments to planning and reporting social and environmental performance along with economic and financial dimensions. After the review of the literature about stakeholder’s theory and segment reporting, the paper analyse the logic underlying the technique of segmentation in the "space" and in the "time" for corporate reporting in theory and in practice. Keywords: Environmental reporting, Integrated reporting, Social reporting, Segment reporting, Social segment reporting, Sustainability reporting.

The Valuation of Relationship between EPS, GST and Demonetization of Indian Industries

To determine the valuation of companies’ shares, the individual always consider the earning per share (EPS). There are lot of literature review provides the information of how much the individual investors considering the importance of earnings per shares before their investment to one industries. Earnings per shares will help the investors to analyse on the growth of their investment from the company. The total number of outstanding shares will divide the net income of the company to find the value of the EPS. This tool used by all the security market investors before they are purchasing the shares. There are lot of research gone through by various researcher by using the EPS to determine the share price of various industries across the globe. In India, after the implementation of GST and demonetisation there are plenty of assumption and expectation spread across regarding the GDP of the country, Profit of the business and also the performance of share market. People are not aware what was the earnings of each individual received when they did investment during this period. This paper analyse how much the EPS value has been received by the investors of security market after the implementation of GST and demonetisation.

Mission Kakatiya - Concept and Social Impact in Telangana State

Telangana is the newly formed state. After the bifurcation of the state, the government of Telangana started the concept of Mission Kakatiya in the year 2014. This Programme is inaugurated on 12 March 2015 by chief minister Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao. This programme is started with the main objective of restoring the water levels of the tanks in the Telangana state. It has given the support to the agricultural farmers to rebuild their water resources. Thus, this present research paper analyse the concept and social impact of Mission Kakatiya in Telangana state. Further, this paper deals with the objectives, advantages, features, benefits and challenges etc., related to Mission Kakatiya.

Trends in Horticulture Literature in India: A Scientometric Analysis

This paper analyse the trends of Horticulture literature in India during 2008-2017.It emphasize on year wise distribution, authorship pattern and collaboration of authors, document wise distribution, ranking of journals in the field and position of India among other collaborative countries. The data were collected from web of science database. Total 1427 records are retrieved. The study reveals that fluctuating trend in the growth of literature during study period. However highest number of records found to be in 2016. Multiple authorship is predominant. Degree of collaboration is 0.90.Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Science were identified as most productive journal followed by Current Science. India contributes majority of publication in the field of horticulture literature.

EVALUATING TRAVEL TIME AND PASSENGER RIDERSHIP OF UNIVERSITY SHUTTLE BUS SERVICE

Poor service adherence to the scheduled timetable and less service frequency during peak hours have contributed to unreliable shuttle bus services in International Islamic University Malaysia. As a result, students use either private vehicles or walk on-campus rather than riding the shuttle buses. This paper analyse travel time and passenger ridership of shuttle bus services from field surveys on journey time, running time, dwell time and passenger volume along Mahallah Ruqayyah and Mahallah Salahuddin shuttle bus routes. One of the key results on travel time indicates poor service adherence by bus service providers. In terms of passenger ridership, there was a huge gap between Mahallah Ruqayyah and Mahallah Salahuddin route where Mahallah Salahuddin has recorded a low passenger ridership even during peak hours. The findings also show that the service frequency of shuttle bus during peak hours cannot accommodate all students and therefore students either walk or use private vehicles to commute within campus area. Recommendations on the improvement of shuttle bus services are also discussed in this paper.

Penerapan Konsep Cross Border Regions (CBRs) dalam Kerja Sama Ekonomi Sub-regional Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapura Growth Triangle (IMS-GT)

Tulisan ini menganalisa kemunculan dan dinamika perjalanan kesepakatan Growth Triangle yang diinisiasi oleh pemerintah Singapura yang melibatkan kepulauan Riau di Indonesia dan juga Johor di Malaysia. Penjabaran difokuskan pada dinamika Growth Triangle sebagai sebuah kerjasama sub regional menurut konsep Cross Border Regios (CBRs) dan teori regionalisme baru (New Regionalism Theory). Growth tringle sendiri dalam tulisan ini diidentifikasi sebagai sebuah upaya perintisan kerjasama di wilayah ini, yang pembahasannya terbatas pada kerjasama ekonomi antar negara dengan industrialisasi barunya di wilayah ini. Zona Indonesia Malaysia Sngapura Growth triangle (IMS-GT) ini dipilih karena posisi lintas perbatasan dan karakteristik mereka yang memiliki latar belakang kerjasama sejarah lintas batas yang panjang, memiliki komposisi multi etnis dan secara geografis berdekatan. Elemen-elemen secara umum diidentifikasi sebagai pilar-pilar yang memfasilitasi proses yang menggiring sebuah wilayah menjadi ruang yang dinamis bagi para aktornya untuk secara aktif memainkan peran demi menjamin kepentingan-kepentingan transnasional mereka sendiri. Kata Kunci: Growth Triangle, Kerjasama, Cross Border Regions (CBRs), Teori Regionalisme Baru. This Paper analyse the rising and dynamics of Growth Triangle that was initiated by Singapore government which involved Kepulauan Riau in Indonesia and Johor in Malaysia. The Substantial topic focuses on the dynamics of Growth Triangle as a sub regional cooperation based on Cross Border Regions (CBRs) and New Regionalism Theory (NRT). Growth Triangle in this paper was identified as a volunteer cooperation among participant countries in this region, which its explanation was on economic cooperation among countries within their new industrialization. Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS-GT) was choosen because of their cross borders and characteristics in having same cross border cooperations background history, same ethnic compositions, and geograpically near by each other. Generally the elements are identified as pillars that fasilitated the process to lead a region became a dynamic space to its actors actively play their role so that their own transnational interests are guaranted. Keywords: Growth Triangle, Cooperation, Cross Border Regions (CBRs), New Regionalism Theory (NRT).

Research on Ground Calibration Technology for Geomagnetism Sensors

The measurements of geomagnetism sensors are often affected by self-factors, install-factors and environment factors, therefore they often exist error and cause measurement accuracy reduction. Focus on these problems, this paper analyse existing ground calibration algorithms and their merits and demerits respectively. Besides, a comprehensive geomagnetism sensor error model is presented. Based on this model, a least square method based ellipsoid fitting calibration and compensation algorithm is presented. The experiment results show that this novel calibration algorithm can effectively restrain and compensate geomagnetism signal measurement error.

Neusklađenost posebnih postupovnihodredbi u postupcima izvlaštenja sa Zakonom o općem upravnom postupku

The principle of consistency and principle of legitimate expectations of citizens are the basis for the treatment of administrative bodies of any national or supranational level. The purpose of this principle is that the administrative bodies, by applying the usual and publicly announced procedure, treat citizens in the same way. Harmonized and systematic procedures guarantee the legal security, certainty and protection of legitimate expectations of citizens. The Republic of Croatia adopted in 2009 a completely new procedural act precisely with the intent to ensure the application of these principles. However, the question is how far the provisions are in line with the general procedural regulation in the law-making process (following the adoption of a new General Administrative procedure Act). This paper analyse the procedural provisions of the Expropriation and Determining of Compensation Act (passed in 2014), and points to the unnecessary number of procedural provisions that are often incompatible with, or they are completely contrary to the General Administrative procedure Act.