Isolated perforation of fourth part of Duodenum following Blunt Abdominal Trauma

Introduction: Isolated duodenal injuries are rare in blunt abdominal trauma. These present a significant challenge for management because of the associated injuries and its difficult anatomical accessibility. Case presentation: A 20years male presented to the Emergency department following a bike accident sustaining injury over face, chest and abdomen, 6hours after the incident. His vitals were unstable so he was resuscitated and admitted in Intensive Care Unit. He had generalized abdominal tenderness without rigidity. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of abdomen and pelvis was suggestive of hollow viscus perforation. He underwent exploratory laparotomy and primary repair for isolated perforation at fourth part of duodenum. He was discharged on his ninth postoperative day. Conclusion: Rare injuries following blunt abdominal trauma should be considered and early intervention is necessary.

Review of Traumatic Duodenal Injuries: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Traumatic duodenal injuries are rare and often challenging to diagnose and treat. Management of these injuries remains controversial and continues to evolve. Here, we performed a review of the literature and guidelines for the diagnosis and management of traumatic duodenal injuries. A common recommendation in more recent literature is primary, tension-free repair of duodenal injuries when possible if surgical repair is necessary. Conversely, if duodenal injuries are unamenable to primary repair, more complex procedures such as Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy may be necessary. Regardless of injury grade or type of surgical repair, the literature continues to support wide extraluminal drainage. Over time, the management of complex duodenal injuries has evolved to favor simple primary repair whenever possible. According to recent studies, more complex procedures are associated with higher rates of post-operative complications and should be reserved for severe injuries when primary repair is not possible.

Option of staged treatment of a patient with a gunshot wound to the duodenum.

The article presents a method of treatment of patients with multiple duodenal injuries, which consists in implanting a section of the duodenum with a Vater papilla into the small intestine, which avoids complex and traumatic operations on the biliary tract and related complications. We present a clinical case with a follow-up period of 7 years. No data were obtained for the presence of complications in the long-term period.

A NEW SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR PREVENTION OF LEAKAGE AFTER DUODENAL REPAIRS

Background: Duodenal injuries, due to their retroperitoneal location, are a diagnostic challenge to the surgeon; for this reason, they are identified in a late stage, and thus associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of duodenal injury requires a high level of suspicion. Delayed diagnosis and management of these injuries results in increased morbidity and mortality rates. It must be remembered that the retroperitoneal location of the duodenum usually precludes early detection of injury by physical examination, which is characterised by minimal findings. Signs of defence, abdominal rigidity and absence of bowel sounds indicate intra-abdominal injury and lead to a surgical procedure. There are many different surgical procedures based on injury complexity, one of which is the tube duodenostomy technique. Despite the advances in surgical technique, duodenal lesions are still associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Purpose: The purpose of this presentation is to describe a new surgical technique in the management of duodenal injuries. Surgical Technique: The technique was performed on a patient, presented with Crohn’s disease together with intestinal tuberculosis, in the management of duodenal injury secondary to duodenocolic fistula and abscess during the postoperative follow-up. The patient was operated on due to invagination, intra-abdominal abscess and general condition deterioration. The second operation was performed because of contrast extravasation from the duodenum. Especially the third part of the technique, application of negative pressure through a tube enterostomy in order to prevent the accumulation of secretions and pressure increase in the duodenum, minimized the intra-duodenal pressure and decreased the risk of anastomotic dehiscence and fistula formation (Figure 1). For this purpose, continuous negative aspiration was performed with an aspiration cannula extended through the enterostomy tube during the first 14 days. The patient was recovered without any complications. Conclusion: The authors concluded that this new technique of “pyloric exclusion, the repair of the mucosal layer of the primary wound in the duodenum with a stapler and of serosa with vicryl, minimizing intra-duodenal pressure by applying negative pressure with the enterostomy tube” can be considered to be an alternative solution for duodenal injuries.

Damage control in penetrating duodenal trauma: less is better

The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma which are commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and consequential increase in the rates of mortality. The aim of this article is to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery which sticks to the philosophy of “Less is Better”. Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability and/or significant associated injuries then the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.

Contemporary Management of Traumatic Duodenal Injuries

Background Traumatic duodenal injury is a rare, potentially devastating condition with challenging management decisions. Contemporary literature on operative management of duodenal injury is lacking. The purpose of this study is to assess optimal management strategies based on outcomes of patients with traumatic duodenal injury at a single trauma center. Methods A retrospective study of patients with traumatic duodenal injury from 2013-2020 at a level 1 trauma center was performed. Patient demographics, grade of injury as noted on CT scan or intraoperatively, surgical procedure(s) performed, and resultant outcomes were extracted. Results After excluding one patient due to death on arrival, 23 patients met inclusion criteria. Injuries consisted of grade 1 (n = 7), grade 2 (n = 2), grade 3 (n = 12), and grade 5 (n = 2); there were no grade 4 injuries. Patients were predominantly male (83%) with a median age of 30 years old. Nineteen patients (82%) underwent surgery. Four of nine patients (44%) with grade 1/2 injuries had hematomas and were managed non-operatively. The remaining five patients (56%) with grade 1/2 injuries underwent operation, which included primary repair (n = 3), duodenal exclusion (n = 1), and periduodenal drainage (n = 1). Of 12 patients with grade 3 injury, 6 underwent primary repair and 6 underwent resection. Three patients who underwent primary repair and one who underwent resection developed a duodenal leak. All patients with grade 5 injury (n = 2) underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Conclusion Grade 1 and 2 duodenal hematomas can be managed non-operatively, while lacerations require operative repair. Outcomes may be better following resection in patients with grade 3 injury.

Surgical Treatment of Isolated and Multiple Duodenal Injuries

Цель. Оценить результаты хирургического лечения пациентов, прооперированных по поводу изолированных или множественных повреждений двенадцатиперстной кишки. Материал и методы. Проведено ретроспективное двуцентровое исследование 60 пострадавших с изолированными и множественными травмами двенадцатиперстной кишки ≥ II степени согласно критериям Американской ассоциации хирургии травм (AAST), оперированных в 2006-2018 гг. Результаты. 16 (26,7%) получили закрытые травмы, 44 (73,3%) – травмы проникающего характера, из которых 35 (79,5%) – колото-резаные ранения, 5 (11 4%) – огнестрельные, 4 (9,1%) – минно-взрывные. Мужчин было 42 (70%), женщин – 18 (30%), средний возраст составил 36 [18-73] лет. Показатели RTS, ISS и APACHE II scores при поступлении составили 6 [4-8], 14 [4-25] и 14 [8-32] соответственно; 22 пострадавших (36,7%) поступили с шоком. Повреждения двенадцатиперстной кишки II степени были у 31 (51,7%), III – у 24 (40%), IV – у 3 (5%) и V – у 2 (3,3%) пострадавших. Множественные внутрибрюшные травмы были у 52 (86,7%) (1,81 ассоциированная травма на одного пациента). Первичный шов был наиболее применяемой хирургической процедурой у большинства пострадавших (76,4%), выключение двенадцатиперстной кишки из пассажа – у 13,3%, дуоденоеюностомия – у 6,7% и панкреатодуоденальная резеция – у 3,3%. Послеоперационная летальность составила 18,3%. Заключение. Травмы двенадцатиперстной кишки при ранней диагностике и своевременном хирургическом вмешательстве могут эффективно лечиться с помощью простых хирургических методов (первичный шов). Сложные травмы двенадцатиперстной кишки и те, которые связаны с повреждением соседних органов и структур, требуют более продуманной стратегии, которая включает в себя тщательный учет физиологической устойчивости пациента, тяжести травмы, степени выраженности изменений в брюшной полости и забрюшинном пространстве, а также опыта хирурга. Научная новизна статьи Дополнены научные знания о том, что травмы двенадцатиперстной кишки при ранней диагностике и своевременном хирургическом вмешательстве могут эффективно лечиться с помощью простых хирургических методов. Сложные травмы двенадцатиперстной кишки и те, которые связаны с повреждением органов и структур брюшной полости и забрюшинного пространства, требуют более продуманной стратегии, которая включает в себя тщательный учет физиологической устойчивости пациента, тяжести травмы, степени выраженности интраоперационных повреждений, а также опыта хирурга.

Complicated Abdominal Seat Belt Injuries in Children

Background: The proper use of security accessories in cars has resulted in the reduction of morbidity and mortality both in adults and children. Improper use of abdominal seat belt is associated in some cases with severe abdominal injuries. Objectives: Investigation of the treatment outcomes of children who suffered complicated abdominal seat belt injuries between 1998 and 2013. Methods: We present five cases of children aged 6-14 years, who suffered complicated abdominal injuries due to improper use of the seat belt. Abdominal injuries included injuries to the liver, spleen, small bowel (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), colon and aorta, mesenterial bleeding, retroperitoneal bleeding, bowel obstruction and pelvic fractures. Results: Three children were operated on within a few hours of admission due to peritoneal irritation, hemodynamic instability after fluid resuscitation, bowel injuries including perforation and bowel ischemia. Two children who were hemodynamically stable, were operated on after few days. One of them had a diagnosis of aortic injury and the other, bowel obstruction. The first child was treated in two stages: i. repair of duodenal rupture, and ii. repair of the aortic injury by using interposition Gore-Tex graft. For the child with bowel obstruction, segmental resection and primary anastomosis were performed. The operation and postoperative periods for all children were uneventful, and all five children are healthy today. Conclusion: 1) The abdominal seat belt should always be used in conjunction with the chest seat belt. 2) An abdominal seat belt sign should always raise the possibility of complicated abdominal injuries. 3) Gastrointestinal tract injuries are common in this setting. 4) Aortic injury is rare; however, it can easily be missed initially. 5) Abdominal aortic trauma is associated with duodenal injuries in almost all cases.