scholarly journals Locke, God, and Materialism

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-158
Author(s):  
Stewart Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual System ◽  
First Cause ◽  
Metaphysical Principle

This chapter looks at Locke’s discussion in Essay 4.10, focusing on his arguments that God cannot be material: that he can be neither an incogitative material first cause, nor a cogitative one. Perhaps Locke had Hobbes or even Spinoza in mind as targets of his arguments, but he did not focus on their views alone. Locke in 4.10 draws on a discussion in Cudworth’s True Intellectual System. The central thought behind several of Locke’s arguments is the metaphysical principle (also seen in Cudworth) that the less perfect cannot cause the more perfect. Locke uses this repeatedly in arguing against views on which God is material. Understanding the role of this principle also helps us understand what Locke meant when he said that we might be material thinking beings, because God could have superadded thought to the matter in us, even though God himself could not be a material being.

Freedom as the Guarantor of the Possibility of the Highest Good

2020 ◽  
pp. 264-282
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Insole
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Highest Good ◽  
First Cause ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Actions

The chapter articulates the following problem: given all that Kant’s notion of freedom, and the intelligible realm can achieve, what precisely is the role of God? That is, what do we need God for? And then, even if we have identified a role which God is expected to fill, there is the further question of whether God can fulfil this role, consistently with Kant’s wider commitments. It is suggested that God either seems to be ‘too much’, or ‘not enough’: ‘too much’, in that God can seem redundant, given all that is achieved by the notion of freedom, and ‘not enough’, in that, were God needed to make up some sort of deficit in our moral status, this would seem to violate Kant’s restrictions on human freedom, which is always ‘all or nothing’, such that all our free actions must come as a first cause from ourselves, and ourselves alone. This is a problem that threatens the cogency of Kant’s ‘moral proof’, which is to say, his understanding of the relationship between the highest good, happiness, and the existence of God.

Investigation the role of psychological, environmental and physical factors in tendency to addiction

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 84-84
Author(s):  
S.J. Mosavi Amiri
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Effective Factors ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
First Cause ◽  
And Control

Introduction & objectivesFor better understanding of the effective factors in tendency to addiction, the research aimed to survey this question what is the first cause of addiction? Psychological, Environmental or Physical causes.Method80 addicted people were randomly selected and Abuse Drug Assessment Inventory (ADAI) was administered on them. Chi Square formula was used to analyze the results.ResultsFindings showed 55 percent of tendency to addiction was psychological. Also more analyzing showed 65 percent of continuing causes of addiction were psychological factors such as fear, anxiety, sorrow.ConclusionIn regard to results we should put more emphasis on psychological prevention and treatment methods so that both tendency to addiction and continuing causes of addiction decrease and control.

Exemplars of Truth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Lehrer
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Coherence Theory ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The Core ◽  
Intellectual System ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Modern Work

This monograph is both an intellectual summation as well as a philosophical advancement of key themes of the work of Keith Lehrer on several key topics—including knowledge, self-trust, autonomy, and consciousness. He here attempts to integrate these themes and develop an intellectual system that can constructively solve philosophical problems. The system is indebted to the modern work of Sellars, Quine, and Chisholm, as well as historically to Hume and Reid. At the core of this system lies Lehrer’s theory of knowledge, which he previously called a coherence theory of knowledge but now calls a defensibility theory. Lehrer argues that knowledge requires the capacity to justify or defend the target claim of knowledge in terms of a background system. Defensibility is an internal capacity supplied by that system to meet objections to the claim. This theory however leaves open the problem of “experience,” noted by other philosophers, of how to explain the special role of experience in a background system even granted we are fallible in describing it. Lehrer offers a solution to the problem of experience, arguing that reflection on experience converts the experience itself into an exemplar, something like a sample that becomes a vehicle or term of representation. The exemplar represents itself and extends to represent the external world. It exhibits something about evidence and truth concerning experience that, as Wittgenstein noted, cannot be fully described but can only be shown. Exemplar representation is the missing link of a background system to truth about the world.

scholarly journals The Way into Transcendental Philosophy from the Argument in Suhrawardī’s Philosophy of Illumination

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Louchakova-Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Phenomenological Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
Unity Of The Self ◽  
Visual Light ◽  
Transcendental Unity ◽  
Metaphysical Principle

Abstract This paper presents a phenomenological analysis of the argument in The First Discourse of Part 2 of Suhrawardī’s Philosophy of Illumination. Specifically, this argument is considered with regard to temporal extension of its logos, i.e., the succession of logical steps. Contrary to traditional views of Suhrawardī as a Neoplatonizing proponent of the primacy of essence over existence, the steps of his argument convey a much more nuanced picture in which ligh t emerges as the main metaphysical principle. First, Suhra wardī explicates full evidentiality in visible light (which is the most patent, ’aẓhar, from the Arabic root ẓ-h-r = ‘to appear, be [made] manifest’): this light gives us the world as “this-there”; and second, as self-evidentiality (ẓuhūru-hu, ‘being obvious to itself by itself’) in the first-person consciousness of the knower. Suhrawardī accesses these modes by reduction(s) which liberate the transcendental character of light. The correlation in the evidential mode of light between the knower and the objects serves as a ground for the claims of transcendental unity of the self and the world, and as a condition of possibility for knowledge. A juxtaposition of this approach with phenomenological philosophy suggests that in Suhrawardī’s analysis, the evidentiality of visual light plays a role of a new universal a priori. I show that under the phenomenological reduction, this a priori participates in constitution of ontological validities; and within the transcendental empiricism of the physics of light, this a priori underlies the construction of causality. Thereby, the Philosophy of Illumination suggests a new horizon of entry into transcendental phenomenological philosophy. The paper also contains a justification of a phenomenological reading of Suhrawardī’s work, including explanation of the historical reduction.

Gastroparesis: An Important Cause of Hospitalization in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients and the Role of Erythromycin

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gallar ◽  
A. Oliet ◽  
A. Vigil ◽  
O. Ortega ◽  
G. Guijo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Prokinetic Drugs ◽  
First Cause

Gastroparesls Is a disabling complication In diabetic patients. It has been reported as the second most frequent cause of hospitalization In diabetic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). We analyzed Infectious and noninfectious complications In our CAPD patients. We Included 31 patients (12 diabetics and 19 nondiabetics) with an average time on CAPD of 14±7 months. The Incidence of peritonitis was 1.68 episodes/patient/year In diabetics and 0.84 tn nondiabetics. Nine (75%) diabetic patients had peritonitis, 5 (42%) had vomiting, and 4 (33%) had Ischemic heart disease. The hospitalization Index (days/year) was greater In diabetics: 11.83± 11.36 versus 4.16±8.84 In nondiabetics (p<0.05). Vomiting was the first cause of admission in diabetics. We were unable to control severe gastroparesls with cisapride and metoclopramide in 4 patients. Erythromycin, 100 mg/2-L bag of dialysate, improved symptoms In all of them. We concluded that gastroparesls Is an Important cause of morbidity In CAPD patients. Intraperitoneal erythromycin can Improve symptoms If other prokinetic drugs fail.

Scattered and Unsystematic: The Taught Discipline in the Intellectual Life of International Relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-361
Author(s):  
Aaron Ettinger
Keyword(s):  
Critical Pedagogy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Classroom Teaching ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Intellectual System ◽  
A Site

Abstract Prompted by Hagmann and Biersteker's (2014) call for a critical pedagogy of international relations, this article addresses the “taught discipline” of international relations arguing that the field needs a sustained and systematic debate on the role of IR pedagogy. In typical disciplinary stocktaking, scholars focus primarily on the “published discipline” and the “practiced discipline,” leaving a gap in our understanding of a major component of academic international relations—teaching. This article maps the discipline's intellectual system of influence and exchange to demonstrate the attenuated influence of the taught discipline. Then it presents critical questions to initiate a robust debate on the place, purpose, and scope of IR pedagogy. The purpose here is to improve the quality and thoughtfulness of classroom teaching, and to explore the underappreciated potential of the taught discipline as a site of rejuvenation in the intellectual life of international relations.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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