Archaeoseismic Evidence of Surface Faulting in 1703 Norcia Earthquake (Central Italian Apennines, Mw 6.9)

We present the first evidence of surface rupture along the causative fault of the 14 January 1703 earthquake (Mw 6.9, Italian central Apennines). This event was sourced by the ~30 km-long, Norcia fault system, responsible for another catastrophic event in Roman times, besides several destructive earthquakes in the last millennium. A dozen paleoseismological excavations have already investigated the surface ruptures occurred during the Holocene along the Cascia-Mt Alvagnano segments, as well as along secondary splays close to the Medieval Norcia Walls. Remarkably, the master fault bounding the Norcia-Campi basins have never be proved to rupture at the surface. An antique limekiln that was improvidently set across the main fault scarp provides the amazing evidence of an abrupt offset in the 1703 earthquake, which likely occurred during a liming process of carbonate stones. Obviously, the limekiln became useless, and was progressively buried by slope debris. The amount of the offset and the kinematics indicators surveyed in the site allow the strengthening of our knowledge on the seismogenic potential of the Norcia fault system, on its geomorphic rule, and on its impact on the human activities.

STUDI IDENTIFIKASI PERANGKAP HIDROKARBON PALEOGEN - NEOGEN DI PERAIRAN WOKAM ARU UTARA, PAPUA BARAT: DATA UTAMA HASIL SURVEI GEOMARIN III

ABSTRAKPerairan Wokam Aru Utara, Papua Barat merupakan bagian tepi utara passive margin Mesozoik Arafura – Australia. Hasil survei dengan KR. Geomarin III di perairan Wokam 2014 diperoleh lintasan seismik Multi Kanal 1.182 km, dan pemeruman batimetri/sub bottom profiles (SBP) 1.510 km. Metode dilakukan interpretasi penampang seismik hasil survei, pengikatan sumur pemboran dan seismik, analisis petrofisika dan pemetaaan geologi bawah permukaan. Pada penampang seismik telah dilakukan interpretasi aspek struktur geologi dan perlapisan sedimen yang sebelumnya telah diikat dengan data sumur ASA-1X, ASM-1X dan ASB-1X untuk tiga horizon yaitu Top Neogen, Top Paleogen dan Base PaleogenPeta bawah permukaan Paleogen – Neogen menunjukan beberapa klosur yang berpotensi di bagian batas paparan dengan palung Aru serta bagian barat. Pada bagian Tenggara terdapat kenampakan onlapping sedimentasi Tipe struktural yang berkembang sebagai perangkap secara dominan berupa graben – half graben dan tilted faul. Onlaping sedimentasi yang mebaji juga dapat berpotensi.Struktur geologi pada area penelitian secara umum dikontrol oleh sesar utama Zona Sesar Palung Aru Utara di tepian paparan sampai lereng, mengarah utara - timur laut ke selatan - barat daya. Struktur ikutan yaitu sesar-sesar normal mengarah utara - timur laut ke selatan - barat daya di paparan sebelah timur zonar sesar utama.Studi awal potensi migas ini teridentifikasi empat lokasi potensi perangkap hidrokarbon dari umur Paleogen - Neogen, yaitu satu lokasi dari Peta Base Paleogen, dua lokasi Top Paleogen dan satu lokasi Top Neogen. kata kunci: Wokam, Aru, migas, seismik, struktur, interpretasi, jebakan, Geomarin III ABSTRACTThe waters of Wokam North Aru, West Papua are part of the northern edge of the Mesozoic passive margin of Arafura - Australia. Survey results with KR. Geomarin III in the waters of Wokam 2014 obtained a multi-channel seismic trajectory of 1,182 km, and bathymarism/sub bottom profiles (SBP) 1,510 km. The method is to interpret the seismic cross-section of the survey results, tie drilling and seismic wells, petrophysical analysis and mapping the subsurface geology. In the seismic section, an interpretation of the structural aspects of the geology and sediment layers has been carried out previously tied to data from the ASA-1X, ASM-1X and ASB-1X wells for three horizons, namely Top Neogen, Top Paleogene and Base Paleogene.The subsurface map of the Paleogene - Neogeneous surface shows several potential closures in the exposure boundary with the Aru Trench as well as the western part. In the Southeast, there is the appearance of sedimentation onlapping. Structural types that develop as traps are predominantly graben - half graben and tilted fault. The onlaping sedimentation also has potential. The geological structure in the study area is generally controlled by the main fault of the North Aru Trench Zone on the edge of the exposure to the slope, heading north - northeast to south - southwest. Follow-up structures are normal faults pointing north - northeast to south - southwest on the eastern exposure of the main fault zone.This preliminary study of oil and gas potential identified four potential locations for hydrocarbon traps from the Paleogene - Neogene age, namely one location from the Paleogene Base Map, two Top Paleogene locations and one Top Neogen location.Keyword: Wokam, Aru, oil and gas, seismic, structure, interpretation, traps, Geomarin III

Complex Slip Distribution of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo, China, Earthquake: An Event Occurring on the Slowly Slipping Fault

The 21 May 2021 Maduo earthquake occurred on the Kunlun Mountain Pass–Jiangcuo fault (KMPJF), a seismogenic fault with no documented large earthquakes. To probe its kinematics, we first estimate the slip rates of the KMPJF and Tuosuo Lake segment (TLS, ∼75 km north of the KMPJF) of the East Kunlun fault (EKLF) based on the secular Global Positioning System (GPS) data using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Our model reveals that the slip rates of the KMPJF and TLS are 1.7 ± 0.8 and 7.1 ± 0.3 mm/yr, respectively. Then, we invert high-resolution GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations to decipher the fault geometry and detailed coseismic slip distribution associated with the Maduo earthquake. The geometry of the KMPFJ significantly varies along strike, composed of five fault subsegments. The most slip is accommodated by two steeply dipping fault segments, with the patch of large sinistral slip concentrated in the shallow depth on a simple straight structure. The released seismic moment is ∼1.5×1020 N·m, equivalent to an Mw 7.39 event, with a peak slip of ∼9.3 m. Combining the average coseismic slip and slip rate of the main fault, an earthquake recurrence period of ∼1250−400+1120 yr is estimated. The Maduo earthquake reminds us to reevaluate the potential of seismic gaps where slip rates are low. Based on our calculated Coulomb failure stress, the Maduo earthquake imposes positive stress on the Maqin–Maqu segment of the EKLF, a long-recognized seismic gap, implying that it may accelerate the occurrence of the next major event in this region.

Research on the detection of arc fault in series connection of landscape power supply

Aiming at the series fault arc phenomenon in landscape lighting and the hidden dangers of electrical fires, in this paper, a landscape power supply series fault arc model is constructed and its model is simulated. The simulation results show that when a fault occurs, the arc current becomes smaller (almost zero) due to the increase in the impedance of the lighting circuit; this phenomenon is called the “current zero off” phenomenon of the fault arc current. The current zero off phenomenon of the fault arc current is the main fault feature in the landscape lighting circuit. In this paper, the wavelet algorithm is used to detect the fault current waveform. According to the fault characteristics, by judging whether the modulus maximum value of the wavelet coefficient has periodic characteristics with an interval of 100±15 sampling points, it is analyzed whether a series-type arc fault occurs. The built physical model verifies the feasibility and correctness of the arc detection algorithm. The research results of this paper have certain reference value for the detection and application of fault arc.

Family values in the focus of Russian researchers

Identified are features and patterns of coverage of the issue of family values in Russia in the works of domestic scientists. The interest in this topic is caused by two main reasons: firstly, the changes taking place today in the political, spiritual, economic and other spheres have an impact on the transformation of the institution of the family; secondly, family values are one of the most significant components of the value foundation of Russian society. For the analysis, 1396 scientific papers published over the period 2001–2010 were selected. It was found that when describing the state of family values in Russia, crisis phenomena, the transformation of society and its basic values are recorded. The main fault is recorded along the “traditional-modern” line. The reasons for the transformation are associated with the processes of globalization, an increase in economic well-being, ample opportunities for personal and professional self-realization, and a tendency towards individualization. It was revealed that one of the most popular subjects of research is the study of family values of the younger generation, since the nature of the social structure in the future depends on this age group. It has been established that it is typical for researchers to define family values as something in need of formation, cultivation, and strengthening. At the same time, the main responsibility for strategic planning and the approval of a set of tools for strengthening the family and family values in Russia rests with state authorities at various levels.

Wai Selabung geothermal reservoir analysis based on gravity method

Research has been conducted using the gravity method in the Wai Selabung area, South Ogan Kemiring Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province, correlated with geological data, magnetotellurics, and geochemical data. This research aims to get structural patterns, subsurface models and identify the heat source and reservoir areas of the Wai Selabung geothermal system. This study uses the gravity method to model the subsurface, which is correlated with magnetotelluric and geochemical data to identify reservoir prospect areas. The results obtained from this research include residual anomalies in the research area showing the presence of a northwest-southeast trending fault structure by the main fault structure of this area trending northwest-southeast and slightly southwest-northeast. Analysis of the Second Vertical Derivative value of zero indicates the boundaries of the geothermal reservoir in the middle of the research area. The results of the 3D inversion modeling of the research area show that low density (2 to 2.15 g/cm3) indicates the location of the reservoir, medium-density values (2.2 to 2.4 g/cm3) are tertiary sandstone sedimentary. The high-density distribution value (2.5 to 2.9 g/cm3) indicates a potential heat source. And based on the analysis of the gravity method correlated with geological data, magnetotelluric, and geochemical data, the prospect area for the Wai Selabung geothermal reservoir, is around Teluk Agung, Perekan, and Talang Tebat.

Compound Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing Based on ALIF-KELM

Aiming at the shortcomings of difficult classification of rolling bearing compound faults and low recognition accuracy, a composite fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing combined with ALIF and KELM is proposed. First, the basic concepts of ALIF and KELM are introduced, and then ALIF is used to decompose the sample data of vibration signals of different bearing states so that each sample can get several IMFs, select the top K IMFs containing the main fault information from each sample, calculate the energy feature and sample entropy of each IMF, and construct a fault feature vector with a dimension of 2K. Finally, the feature vectors of the training set and the test set are input into the KELM model for fault classification. Experimental results show that, compared with EMD-KELM model, ALIF-ELM model, ALIF-BP model, and IFD-KELM model, the rolling bearing composite fault diagnosis method based on the ALIF-KELM model has higher classification accuracy.

Bullshit, trust, and evidence

It has become almost a cliché to say that we live in a post-truth world; that people of all trades speak with an indifference to truth. Speaking with an indifference to how things really are is famously regarded by Harry Frankfurt as the essence of bullshit. This paper aims to contribute to the philosophical and theoretical pragmatics discussion of bullshit. The aim of the paper is to offer a new theoretical analysis of what bullshit is, one that is more encompassing than Frankfurt’s original characterization. I part ways with Frankfurt in two points. Firstly, I propose that we should not analyze bullshit in intentional terms (i.e. as indifference). Secondly, I propose that we should not analyze it in relation to truth. Roughly put, I propose that bullshit is best characterized as speaking with carelessness toward the evidence for one’s conversational contribution. I bring forward, in the third section, a battery of examples that motivate this characterization. Furthermore, I argue that we can analyze speaking with carelessness toward the evidence in Gricean terms as a violation of the second Quality maxim. I argue that the Quality supermaxim, together with its subordinate maxims, demand that the speaker is truthful (contributes only what she believes to be true) and reliable (has adequate evidence for her contribution). The bullshitter’s main fault lies in being an unreliable interlocutor. I further argue that we should interpret what counts as adequate evidence, as stipulated by the second Quality Maxim, in contextualist terms: the subject matter and implicit epistemic standards determine how much evidence one needs in order to have adequate evidence. I contrast this proposed reading with a subjectivist interpretation of what counts as having adequate evidence and show that they give different predictions. Finally, working with a classic distinction, I argue that we should not understand bullshit as a form of deception but rather as a form of misleading speech.

STRESS FIELD IN A SHEAR ZONE, AND FORMATION OF THE MAIN FAULT

Using the analytical approximation method, we calculated stress field parameters for cases with different relative positions of Riedel shears and loads required for shearing. Considering an internal friction angle of 30°, and the distance between adjacent shears exceeding 0.7 of the characteristic shear length, we estimated the Coulomb stress that can lead to fracturing. In the areas between the shears, it is below the shear strength value. This means that if an increase in the external load is lacking, there are no prerequisites for the formation of new fractures that may connect adjacent shears. If the shears are spaced closer to each other (i.e. at distances less than 0.7 of the shear length), the shear strength is exceeded in the areas between them, and new shears can occur there and connect the Riedel shears to each other. Therefore, in observations of a natural system of Riedel shears, it becomes possible to assess whether this system is sufficiently stable in its current status, or, in case of a critical increase in the Coulomb stress in the areas between adjacent shears, the equilibrium can be easily disturbed, and there is a possibility that the main fault forms in the strike-slip zone under study.