Salt Tolerance, Morphological and Anatomical Responses of in vitro Indigofera zollingeriana Miq. Seedling

The species belonging to genus Indigofera with high nutritional value and tolerance against abiotic stresses are widely distributed in the tropics to the subtropic areas world over. In this study, two years old stored seeds of I. zollingeriana, a potential forage used in Indonesia, were evaluated for their tolerance to salinity stress. In the first step, the morphology and anatomy of I. zollingeriana seedlings under in vitro salinity stress level of 20-120 mM NaCl were investigated after 14 days. In the second step, the 3 days old seedlings were transferred to several concentrations of NaCl (140-300 mM) to estimate Ld50 (lethal dose). Several concentrations of gibberalic acid (GA3) were applied to the previous estimated Ld50 (228 mM NaCl) medium for alleviating seedlings damage. It was estimated that the increasing concentration of NaCl caused reduction in the evaluated plant growth parameters and changed anatomy of the root and stem cross sections. The 100% mortality of the seedlings was noted after4 weeks on the medium containing 300 mM NaCl. Treatment of seedlings with <0.25 mg L-1 GA3 +228 mM NaCl (Ld50) in the culture medium was effective to reduce root damage for 4 weeks. Treatment of seedlings with >2.5 mg L-1 GA3 + 228 mM NaCl (Ld50) showed adverse effects in controlling damage by necrosis and blackening of roots and stems.

Mixed Cropping of Dwarf Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott) with Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) using an Alley Cropping System

Background: Mixed cropping of forage grasses and legumes can potentially improve the performance of herbivores. However, the feasibility of grasses mixed-cropped with legumes should be examined at different plant densities. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the growth characters and forage chemical composition in dwarf napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott) with Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) grown using alley cropping. Methods: Three densities of dwarf napiergrass with Indigofera, i.e., high density (2 and 1 plants m-2, respectively); medium density (1.33 and 1 plants m-2, respectively); and low density (1 and 1 plants m-2, respectively) were applied under rainfed conditions in Makassar. Results: Plant density significantly affected growth characteristics, such as plant height and tiller density in dwarf napiergrass (p<0.05), and non-significantly affected plant height and branch density (p>0.05) in Indigofera. Plant density did not affect the yielding ability at the first defoliation and annual total of yields (p>0.05), except at the second defoliation when the dry matter production of dwarf napiergrass peaked in the low plant density treatment (p<0.05). In terms of chemical composition, plant density significantly affected fiber concentrations of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, which were lowest at low plant densities (p<0.05). The acid detergent lignin and cellulose concentrations tended to be lower at low plant densities, but the differences were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: We consider that alley cropping systems for dwarf napiergrass and Indigofera are suitable if low plant densities are employed in the region.

Radio-sensitivity of irradiated seed, plantlets, callus, and in vitro leaves from Indigofera zollingeriana Miq by gamma rays

Test of radio-sensitivity is important to use as a recognizable effect of radiation. The optimal doses usually create maximum variability. Radio-sensitivity of each part of plants of Indigofera zollingeriana Miq to gamma rays had no report yet. This research aimed to know radio-sensitivity, optimal doses, and growth of M1 generation from each material of I. zollingeriana irradiated with gamma rays. Seed, plantlets, callus, and in vitro leaves were tested for radio sensitivity by gamma rays. Doses level used of Gamma rays were: 0 until 500 Gy. The value of LD50 of each material was evaluated using Curve-fit Analysis. Growth parameters from each material were observed for six weeks after planting and analyzed using IBM SPSS 22. Research showed that the sensitivity of each doses level was different for each source of the material plant. The seed had radio-sensitivity of gamma rays at dose 183.988 Gy, plantlet at dose 253.677 Gy, callus could not calculate, and in vitro leaves at dose 242.241 Gy.

The effect of Indigofera zollingeriana supplementation to performance of rabbit

Rabbit has potency to produce meat since it has high growth rate, litter size, and short calving interval. Rabbit can utilize low nutritional feed and wide various of forages as its feed. Recently, Indigofera Zollingeriana (IZ) has been widely used as a green protein source in livestock. The used of IZ in rabbit feed seemed to be able to reduce production cost. The study had objective to observe the effect of IZ supplementation in feed to rabbit performance. A number of 72 heads of 12 weeks old of New Zealand white rabbits were used in the study. Rabbits were distributed in three groups of IZ supplementation levels (R1: 0 %; R2: 20 %, and R3: 30%). The supplementation was applicated for five weeks. Data were analysed using one- way ANOVA. The results showed that IZ supplementation effected body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio, and dry matter and energy digestibility (P<0.05). The R2 was the optimal IZ supplementation in the study. The average BWGs of rabbits were 833.38 ± 232 g, 688.50 ± 88 g, and 485.63 ± 130 g for R1, R2, and R3, respectively. In conclusion, the IZ supplementation up to 20 % could be applicated in rabbit feed to reduce cost

Evaluasi Suplementasi Indigofera zollingeriana Sebagai Sumber Green Protein concentrate Terhadap Produksi Gas Metan, Amonia dan Sintesis Protein Mikroba Rumen

The use of protein with low-cost, high quality, low methane, and ammonia emissions are a prerequisite as a protein source in ruminant. However, the European Commission has prohibited protein derived from fish meals for ruminant feeds. So encouraging efforts to explore the other protein sources to be most important. Most of the high protein legumes grow in tropical areas such as Indonesia and have the potential as an alternative protein source in ruminant feed, including Indigofera zollingeriana (25-27% protein content). But many browse legumes with high protein are a heterogeneous group of plants, with variable secondary metabolic content and rumen degradable protein. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the characteristics fermentation of IZ as green protein supplement on in vitro methane, ammonia and microbial protein production. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four different level supplementation of Indigofera zollengeriana (IZ) as green protein concentrate and five replications. The treatment diets were R0; basal diet (60% forage + 40% concentrate) + 0% IZ, R1; R0 + 10% IZ, R2; R0 + 20% IZ, and R3; R0 + 30% IZ. The experiment result showed that supplemenatation of IZ was significant effects (P<0.05) to increase total gas, ammonia (N-NH3), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and metabolizable energy (ME) and significant effect (P<0.05) to decrease of methane and methane percentage. Supplementation IZ at a level of 10% was significantly higher for dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and microbial protein production (PPM) than diets treatment of R0, R2, and R3. The experiment concluded that Supplementation of I. zollingeriana (IZ) was able to reduce the methane gas production. Protein characteristics of IZ have easily degradable by rumen microbe showed the ammonia production was linearly increasing by 45.66% for each increasing level of IZ supplementation. Microbial protein production was higher (184.33 mg/ml) obtained of IZ supplementation up to 10% (R1). The experiment suggests doing protected protein of IZ when be used as a protein source in ruminant diets.

PRODUKSI HIJAUAN Indigofera zollingeriana YANG DIPUPUK MENGGUNAKAN FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA PADA TANAH PASCA TAMBANG BATUBARA

Lahan bekas pertambangan batubara merupakan tanah marginal yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagailahan tanaman pakan. Salah satu hijuan leguminosa yang berpotensi tumbuh di daerah marginal adalahIndigofera zollingeriana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian FungiMikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) terhadap produktivitas tanaman Indigofera zollingeriana pada tanah pascatambang batubara. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 5 perlakuan yaitu 0 g FMA,8 g FMA, 16 g FMA, 24 g FMA, 32 g FMA, dengan 5 ulangan. Peubah yang diamati meliputi profil daun,tinggi tanaman, dan produksi bahan kering daun dan tajuk. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakananalisis sidik ragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman Indigofera zollingeriana yang diberiFMA memiliki profil daun yang lebih hijau. Pemberian FMA menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap produksi daun dan tajuk tetapi tidak berbeda nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman. Tanaman Indigofera zolllingeriana yang diberi FMA sebagnyak 16 g menunjukkan, produksi daun dan produksi tajuk yang lebih baik dibandingkan tanpa inokulasi FMA dan perlakuan lainnya. Kata kunci: fungi mikoriza arbuskula, Indigofera zollingeriana, tanah pasca tambang batubara

PERTUMBUHAN INDIGOFERA (Indigofera zollingeriana) SETELAH PEMANGKASAN DI LAHAN GAMBUT

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produksi segar biomasa Indigofera zollingerianayang tumbuh di lahan gambut bertipe saprik pada umur 2, 3 dan 4 bulan setelah pemangkasan. Rancangan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dan 4 kelompok. Perlakuan adalah biomasa indigofera yang dipanen pada umur 2 bulan (2B), 3 bulan (3B) dan umur 4 bulan (4B). Data hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tua umur pemangkasan maka panjang ranting, jumlah daun, rasio daun/ranting, produksi segar dan kandungan bahan kering indigofera semakin meningkat. Panjang ranting indigofera pada 2B, 3B dan 4B berturut-turut adalah 52,23 cm, 99.01 cm dan 132,12 cm. Jumlah daun indigofera pada 2B yaitu 1.648,1 helai, kemudian meningkat pada 3B yaitu 4.424,8 helai dan pada 4B yaitu 11.310,1 helai. Persentase daun meningkat dari 31,7% (2B) menjadi 44% (4B), sedangkan persentase ranting menurun dari 68,3% (2B) menjadi 56% (4B). Rataan produksi segar tanaman indigofera per pohon pada 2B, 3B, dan 4B berturut-turut yaitu 542,7 g/pohon, 1.173,9 g/pohon, dan 2.858,8 g/pohon. Kandungan bahan kering indigofera pada 2B yaitu sebesar 13,25%, pada 3B yaitu 14,76%, dan pada 4B yaitu 15,76%. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Indigofera zollingeriana dapat tumbuh dengan baik pada tanah gambut tipe saprik. Produksi tertinggi biomasa Indigofera zollingeriana berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini adalah pada umur 4 bulan setelah pemangkasan. Kata kunci: Indigofera zollingeriana, gambut, umur pertumbuhan kembali

PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI HIJAUAN LEGUM POHON Indigofera zollingeriana SEBAGAI HIJAUAN PAKAN STRATEGIS DI PULAU LOMBOK

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produksi Indigofera dengan interval pemotonganberbeda yang dibudidayakan di Pulau Lombok. Penelitian dirancang dengan rancangan acakkelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kelompok interval pemotongan yaitu 30, 45 dan 60 hari setelah potong paksa. Pemotongan paksa dilakukan pada ketinggian 50 cm di atas tanah pada 11 minggu setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan Indigofera 30, 45 dan 60 hari setelah pemotongan berturut-turut adalah 89,2, 120,0 dan 161,0 cm. Sedangkan laju pertumbuhan tanaman sebesar 7,96, 10,47 dan 13,89 cm/minggu. Pembentukan percabangan pada minggu pertama sebanyak 5,0 cabang/pohon dan tumbuh signifikan menjadi 25,0 cabang/pohon setelah 4 minggu. Pembentukan cabang mencapai 40 cabang pada 60 hari setelah pemotongan paksa. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa tanaman tetap tumbuh dengan cepat dan tepat meskipun tanaman ditebang. Produksi Indigofera tertinggi diperoleh pada interval pemotongan 60 hari (864,40gram/pohon) diikuti dengan peningkatan bahan kering dan bahan organik, tetapi kadar protein menurun secara signifikan. Disimpulkan bahwa Indigofera merupakan tanaman potensial yang dapat dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pakan ternak andalan di Pulau Lombok. Kata kunci: produksi hijauan, Indigofera zollingeriana, interval pemotongan, pertumbuhan

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN INDIGOFERA (Indigofera zollingeriana) DAN KELOR (Moringa oleifera Lam) PADA DOSIS PUPUK BIOURIN BERBEDA

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapat informasi tentang pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman indigofera(Indigofera zollingeriana) dan kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) pada dosis pupuk biourin berbeda. Penelitiandilaksanakan di Rumah Kaca, Stasiun Penelitian Sesetan, Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Udayanaselama 12 minggu. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) polasplit plot. Main plot/petak utama yaitu jenis tanaman terdiri dari tanaman indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) dan kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam). Subplot/anak petak yaitu dosis pupuk biourin terdiri dari: 0 l ha-1 (D0), 2.500 l ha-1 (D1), 5.000 l ha-1 (D2), 7.500 l ha-1 (D3) dan 10.000 l ha-1 (D4). Terdapat 10 kombinasi perlakuan dan diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga terdapat 30 unit percobaan. Variabel yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah bintil akar, jumlah cabang, berat kering daun, berat kering batang, berat kering akar, berat kering total hijauan, nisbah berat kering daun dengan berat kering batang, nisbah berat kering total hijauan dengan berat kering akar (top root ratio) dan luas daun per pot. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi interaksi antara jenis tanaman dengan dosis pupuk biourin terhadap variabel tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, dan berat kering batang. Jenis tanaman indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) memberikan pertumbuhan dan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam). Pemberian pupuk biourin dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil pada kedua jenis tanaman. Pemupukan biourin dengan dosis 10.000 l ha-1 menghasilkan pertumbuhan dan hasil lebih tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terjadi interaksi antara jenis tanaman dengan dosis pupuk biourin terhadap variabel tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, dan berat kering batang dan dosis 10.000 l ha-1 menunjukkan pertumbuhan dan hasil yang terbaik. Kata kunci: biourin, hasil, Indigofera zollingeriana, Moringa oleifera Lam, pertumbuhan