Y-en-Roux reconstruction in abdominal surgery: historical retrospective of operative method’s evolution. Part II

This historical review is more focused on the analysis of highly relevant, unique method proposed by A. Wölfl er, E. Doyen and C. Roux more than 140 years ago. We also try to present main facts and the chronology of Y-reconstruction of the digestive tube concept’s development. Hereby we present historical retrospective of theoretic concept creation, experimental confi rmation and initial clinical experience of Y-shaped reconstruction of the digestive tube on Roux-en-Y-loop, stages of concept evolution and development from the end of the 19th century and continuing into current times. Scientifi c research of surgical gastroenterology, oncology, pancreatology and hepatobiliary surgery founders, expand application of Roux-en-Y-reconstruction from distal resection of the stomach and gastroenterostomy to gastrectomy, repeated operations on the upper part of the digestive tube, the formation of biliary-enteric and pancreatic anastomosis, and the use in the routine practice of bariatric surgery.

Y-en-Roux reconstruction in abdominal surgery: historical retrospective of operative method’s evolution. Part I

Target of this historical review is focused on analysis of highly relevant, unique method proposed by A. Wölfler, E. Doyen and C. Roux more than 140 years ago, also we try to present main facts and chronology of development of concept Y-reconstruction of digestive tube. Hereby we present historical retrospective of theoretic concept creation, experimental verification and initial clinical experience of Y-shaped reconstruction of digestive tube on Roux-en-Y-loop, stages of concept evolution and development till the end of XIX age till our days. The founders’ scientific research onducted in surgical gastroenterology, oncology, pancreatology and hepatobiliary surgery, has expanded application of Roux-en-Y-reconstruction from distal resection of the stomach and gastroenterostomy to gastrectomy, repeated operations on the upper part of the digestive tube, the formation of biliary-digestive and pancreatic anastomoses, as well as the use in the routine practice of bariatric surgery.

Adaptability of Buildings: A Critical Review on the Concept Evolution

Our ever-evolving built environment is continuously facing emerging needs for housing, work, health, and mobility, among others. Yet, buildings are usually designed and set up as finished permanent objects, reflecting the one constant scenario in mind of defined form, function, and performance. Since change is increasingly inevitable in our life, enlarging buildings’ adaptive capacities in response to arising variables and changing conditions over their lifecycle becomes a necessity in seeking global sustainability demands. The concept of building adaptability has been a notable subject in this respect, increasingly stimulating and proposing regenerative alternatives to today’s often obsolete buildings. This paper critically reviews the existing body of knowledge on the concept of adaptability in building research. The main focus is made on the evolution of the concept interpretations and related paradigms, and on the development of its applications and strategies in the light of promoting models and trends. Drawing on the literature as a source of evidence, the paper analyzes and classifies the content of existing studies published in scientific journals and gray literature, focusing on a timeframe from 2015 up-to-date. Moreover, the paper aims to build a constructive discussion to identify potential gaps between the actual state of the art and emerging needs, which should be addressed by further research.

Pharmaceutical Law and Pharmaceutical Legislation in Spain and in the European Union: Concept, Evolution and Sources

Medicines and the professional activity of the pharmacists are the subject of study of Pharmaceutical Law and Pharmaceutical Legislation. In this paper, on the one hand, the definition of these disciplines is examined, as well as their field of study, evolution and sources. On the other hand, the development of Pharmaceutical Legislation in the European Union is analysed in three clearly differentiated periods and related to different juridic enactments of generations of norms that affect medicines. Special attention has been paid to the so–called third generation standards, as the regulatory developments at European Union level and national level have been depened in the last three decades. Finally, those areas of the pharmaceutical sector that could have a regulatory development in the coming years are detailed.

Synergetic approach in the design of architectural systems for harsh climatic conditions

Architecture is characterized by a correction of design approaches that take into account new discoveries. Changing scientific paradigm also influences this process by introducing extra details into the architectural objects workflows. The synergistic paradigm that influences mostly appears in the tendency to create architecture that meets the ideal standards of sustainable design, capable design which is of self-development and self-regulation. A unique feature of the synergistic paradigm that can fundamentally change the approach to design is its relation to the evolutionary process. According to this concept, evolution in its path passes through points of bifuciation – special states of instability – when possible ways of further development are clear and it becomes possible for us to choose and follow one of them. This approach takes into account changing data and corrects decisions during the process. This is especially relevant when designing architectural objects for harsh climate conditions, as additional difficulties may arise in the process of construction and operation, and the unexpectedly arising issues, which may unanticipated arise itself during the usage of the object and can have a disastrous effects on it.