scholarly journals Słowo jako medium tradycji: szkic z teorii oralności

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4(67)) ◽  
pp. 148-166
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Mich
Keyword(s):  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Technical Instruction ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Concept Of Word ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Primary Orality ◽  
Everyday Communication

Word as Medium of Tradition. Essay on Theory of OralityThe goal of the paper is to outline the concept of word as medium of intergenerational transfer of tradition in cultures of primary orality as formulated in the theory of orality since the 1960s. According to the classic anthropological approach, it emphasizes the orientation on tradition and stability of oral cultures. It also focuses on mechanisms of preserving fidelity and persistence of cultural patterns in the utterances/messages despite the lack of the written form. The basic mechanism here is to grasp messages in the form of epic poetry. Information (technical instruction and moral norms) is depicted in the narrative context, that is, descriptions of heroes’ activities as only by that the listeners’ emotions and – consequently – actions were stimulated. Combining poetry with music, singing, gestures and dancing were also used as mnemotechnical tools – messages affected listeners by rhyme, rhythm, and melody. On the verbal level, shaping messages according to mnemotechnical mechanisms have led to the origins of preservative language (elevated speech) that differed from flexible language used for everyday communication. Its main constitutive trait was dominance of formulas (formulative style) aimed at preserving those messages from critical analysis and being reshaped by the recipients. On the structural level of stories, formulas’ equivalent were typescenes and story-patterns. They were used to secure high fidelity of several performances (repetitions) of particular pieces. Other inherent traits of oral messages are: paratactic composition, redundancy, and Homeric epithets for descriptions of heroes.

Native-Language Literacy in Colonial Peru: The Question of Mundane Quechua Writing Revisited

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Durston
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Colonial Latin America ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Administrative Record ◽  
Colonial Peru ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Mesoamerican Languages ◽  
Everyday Communication

Abstract Scholars of indigenous societies in colonial Latin America have long noted the contrast between the abundance of indigenous-language records from Mesoamerica and their extreme scarcity in the Andes. This article evaluates the degree to which written Quechua was used in everyday communication and record keeping among the indigenous population of colonial Peru by examining a corpus of Quechua documents, mostly letters and petitions from the seventeenth century. The linguistic features and archival contexts of these documents are analyzed to determine the extent and channels of alphabetic literacy in Quechua. The article argues that a standardized written form of Quechua developed by the church was in fact widely used among the indigenous elite, but that it never became an important medium of internal administrative record keeping in indigenous communities, as did occur with Nahuatl and other Mesoamerican languages.

scholarly journals Nupcialidad y dispensas matrimoniales en El Sagrario de la catedral de la ciudad de Puebla, Nueva España, durante el reinado de Felipe IV.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Grajales Porras ◽  
Lilián Illades Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Differential Behavior ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Los Grupos

Con la conquista y evangelización del Nuevo Mundo se introdujo el modelo de vida cristiana y consigo las normas morales específicas en cuanto a la conducta sexual y la formación de las familias. El período de análisis toca al reinado de Felipe IV, distinguiendo dos etapas: 1621-1639 y 1661-1669. Con base en 3.391 actas de casamiento, el estudio apunta a situar algunos patrones socioculturales de la nupcialidad y el nivel de apego a las normas tridentinas y su expresión en la Nueva España. Específicamente, se intenta descubrir la importancia relativa de los matrimonios con impedimentos dirimentes que obtuvieron licencia y los recursos de los parroquianos para eludir las amonestaciones prenupciales. Otros tópicos de interés son el canon del matrimonio, su registro, la frecuencia y evolución de las nupcias, su estacionalidad y el comportamiento diferencial de los grupos étnicos mayores de la sociedad colonial: amerindios, españoles con mestizos y afrodescendientes. With the conquest and evangelization of the New World, the model of Christian life was introduced and with it the specific moral norms regarding sexual behavior and the formation of families. The period of analysis refers to the reign of Philip IV, distinguishing two stages: 1621-1639 and 1661-1669. Based on 3.391 marriage acts, the study aims to situate some socio-cultural patterns of nuptiality and the level of attachment to Tridentine norms and their expression in New Spain. Specifically, an attempt is made to discover the relative importance of marriages with diriment impediments that were licensed and the resources of parishioners to avoid prenuptial admonitions. Other topics of interest are the canon of marriage, its registration, the frequency and evolution of marriages, their seasonality and the differential behavior of the major ethnic groups of colonial society: Amerindians, Spaniards with mestizos and Afro-descendants.

scholarly journals Forms of address in TV series from the 1960s to the present day as part of informalisation processes of late modern Lithuanian and Danish societies

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-291
Author(s):  
Vilija Schoroškaitė ◽  
Loreta Vaicekauskienė
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
The West ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Formal Communication ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Over Time

By focusing on public communication, the current study aims to investigate how the concepts of solidarity and equality have influenced the norms of public communication in the West (Scandinavia) and what differences can be found in the context of Lithuania, where the late modernity did not follow the same patterns as in Western societies. This comparative study takes a diachronic approach to the use of the pronouns du/De and tu/Jūs and other address forms in Danish and Lithuanian. We examine these forms in view of democratization processes and the decreasing level of formality in the two societies. The question in focus is how address forms are used in Lithuanian and Danish dialogues in TV-series, which represent everyday communication between strangers in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century. The empirical data for the research consists of two Danish series ”Ka' De li' østers?” (1967) and ”Bedrag” (2016-2019), as well as two Lithuanian TV-series ”Petraičių šeimoje” (1964-1972) and ”Giminės. Gyvenimas tęsiasi 3” (2017). The study covers almost six last decades and analyzes different forms of address that speakers use to meet the appropriate level of formality in daily conversations. The results have revealed significant differences in  the development of Lithuanian and Danish societies and formal communication. The data indicates that Danish dialogues have become less formal over time, public communication emphasizes equality of interlocutors and does not mark differences in social status. Communication between Lithuanians remains formal; the results suggest that the choice of strategies in Lithuanian dialogues between strangers correspond to those used by Danes in the second half of the 20th century. However, it may be assumed that the process of informalisation in Lithuanian public communication is still in progress.

China's Local News Media

1981 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 322-331
Author(s):  
Vivienne Shue
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Chinese Tradition ◽  
Broadcast Networks ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
News Magazines ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
News Services ◽  
Local News Media

Publication of local newspapers and magazines was supported and largely flourished over much of China in the 1950s. Although for the most part western scholars had little access to the county dailies and smaller bulletins and tabloids of that period, it was apparent that the Chinese tradition of reporting and chronicling local events in written form continued with little interruption in many localities. In the early and mid 1960s, however, under both economic and political pressures, hundreds of county newspapers and other small publications were closed down or amalgamated. Since then, without much access to local or even many provincial newspapers, scholars outside China have known little of the structure and development of the local press and other news media.1 How many county newspapers survived the 1960s or were revived? To what extent have county wire broadcast networks been developed to meet the need for the dissemination of local information to rural and urban populations? What impact, if any, have the news services of these broadcast networks had on remaining local and provincial newspapers? With the current publishing boom in China, should we expect widespread revival of county-level newspapers or general news magazines?

The Indigenous Presence and Central American-American Writers in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Arias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Written Form ◽  
American Case ◽  
The 1960S

The study of Native American and Indigenous literatures reveals how native knowledges resisted the Westernizing onslaught implemented forcefully since the beginning of the colonial era by colonial authorities, and after the 19th century by ruling national elites that shared with colonial authorities their belief that local Indigenous cultures needed to be Westernized to be saved. Despite its brutal enforcement, ancestral knowledges managed to resist and survived through the many social crises and transformations that took place from the 16th to the late 20th century. Their lingering effects are visible in this new literary corpus that began to appear in print since the 1960s. In the Latin American case, it is a literary production that is bilingual in nature, as all the authors publish in their own language and in Spanish. The authors in question have rescued their maternal languages in written form and standardized their systems of writing. As Central American-American Indigenous subjects migrate to the United States, they carry with them ancestral knowledges and written literatures as well.

London

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Schen
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Local History ◽  
British Society ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metropolitan Center ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

The city of London began as a Roman settlement along the River Thames and grew into Europe’s first urban area of a million inhabitants. London was unique within Britain, and in many ways in Europe, yet it was deeply intertwined with the provinces and other cities. The city’s location on a great river meant that goods, people, and ideas flowed into and out of the city for centuries, to or from the countryside as well as far-flung areas of the globe. London has exerted enormous influence over the other towns and cities of England and Great Britain, and has similarly been shaped by in-migration from these places and from abroad. London began to rebound to its pre-plague population levels by 1500 and proceeded to grow rapidly. The works included here talk variously of London, including its suburbs, and a metropolis, to describe its inexorable expansion across former fields and to the borders of neighbors. As it grew, its significance in the economy of the world, in its connections to empire and trade, became predominant and its merchants and investors carved a new place for themselves in British society. The city was not just important in economic terms to England, Britain, and eventually a global empire—it attracted and nourished intellectuals and artists, playwrights and writers, scientists and natural historians, and provided the setting for the display of status, consumption of new goods, and the development of fresh tastes. Positioned next to the political center of Westminster, it housed and provided a public stage for parliamentarians, political protesters, members of court, and the monarchy. At the same time, London provided opportunity to poor and un- or underemployed men and women to work, even if in professions or criminal activities outside or on the edges of social and moral norms of the period. For those who struggled, there was charity and beneficence, and punishment and forced work or separation from families. The focus on social and economic history that shaped historical writing of the 1960s into the 1980s elevated local history but influenced the questions asked of the metropolitan center. The last several decades have brought a resurgence of interest in the history of London, in the important religious, cultural, economic, social, and political developments that marked its transformation over a few hundred years.

Between Surveillance and Sousveillance: Or, Why Campus Police Feel Vulnerable Precisely Because They Gain Power

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-256
Author(s):  
Masamichi Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
First Century ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Campus Police ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

Utilizing historical and ethnographic data, this article explicates a thesis that involves a paradox—campus police feel vulnerable as the “surveyed” precisely because they gain power as the “surveyor.” Toward this end, first, I identify a dramatic change in the status and function of campus police from watchmen to law enforcement professionals in the 1960s-1970s as a key historical context in which this paradox emerged. Then, I ethnographically explore forms this paradox has taken at the level of consciousness-behavior of campus officers. Attention is paid to how digital technologies of the twenty-first century transform campus policing, a process that redefines the relationship between the state and civil society and normalizes “watching” as a basic mechanism of new governance. I consider political and theoretical implications of new governance and the role writing can play in ethnographic studies of police to elucidate it.

Working Hands and Critical Minds: A Paulo Freire Model for Job Training

1988 ◽  
Vol 170 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Shor
Keyword(s):  
Job Training ◽  
Paulo Freire ◽  
Culture War ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Technical Instruction ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
The 1960S

Students in present-day classrooms commonly resist intellectual work and show a strong impatience to finish school and begin a career. This is one result of a culture war over curriculum which began after the 1960s, both inside and outside schooling, over an aggressive vocational policy imposed from the top down. A participatory and dialogic method for job-training courses, derived from Paulo Freire's ideas, can offer a critical and animating alternative to the current methods of technical instruction.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF VISUAL MODALITY IN LANGUAGE VITALITY AND MAINTENANCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Светлана Игоревна Буркова
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Endangered Language ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Everyday Communication

В статье на примере русского жестового языка (РЖЯ) делается попытка показать, что инструменты оценки жизнеспособности и сохранности языка, разработанные на материале звуковых языков, не вполне подходят для оценки жизнеспособности и сохранности жестовых языков. Если, например, оценивать жизнеспособность РЖЯ по шестибалльной шкале в системе «девяти факторов», предложенной в документе ЮНЕСКО (Language vitality…, 2003) и используемой в Атласе языков, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, то эта оценка составит не более 3 баллов, т. е. РЖЯ будет характеризоваться как язык, находящийся под угрозой исчезновения. Это бесписьменный язык, преимущественно используемый в сфере бытового общения, существующий в окружении функционально несопоставимо более мощного русского звукового языка; подавляющее большинство носителей РЖЯ являются билингвами, в той или иной степени владеющими русским звуковым языком в его устной или письменной форме; большая часть носителей РЖЯ усваивают жестовый язык не в семье, с рождения, а в более позднем возрасте; условия усвоения РЖЯ влияют на языковую компетенцию его носителей; окружающий русский звуковой язык влияет на лексику и грамматику РЖЯ; этот язык остается пока недостаточно изученным и слабо задокументированным, и т. д. Однако в действительности РЖЯ в этих условиях стабильно сохраняется, а в последнее время даже расширяет свой словарный состав и сферы использования. Главный фактор, который обеспечивает сохранность жестового языка и который не учитывается в существующих методиках, предназначенных для оценки витальности языков — это модальность, в которой существует жестовый язык. Глухие люди, в силу того что им недоступна или плохо доступна аудиальная модальность, не могут полностью перейти на звуковой язык. Наиболее естественной для коммуникации для них остается визуальная модальность, при этом современные средства связи и интернет открывают дополнительные возможности для подержания и развития языка в визуальной модальности. The paper discusses sociolinguistic aspects of Russian Sign Language (RSL) and attempts to show that the tools used to access the degree of language vitality, which were developed for spoken languages, are not quite suitable to access vitality of sign languages. For example, if to try to assess the vitality of RSL in terms of six-point scale of the “nine factors” system proposed by UNESCO (Language vitality ..., 2003), which is used in the Atlas of Endangered Languages, the assessment of RSL would be no more than 3 points. In other words, RSL would be characterized as an endangered language. It is an unwritten language, mainly used in everyday communication; it exists in the environment of functionally much more powerful spoken Russian; the overwhelming majority of RSL signers are bilinguals, they use spoken Russian, at least in its written form; most deaf children acquire RSL not in the family, from birth, but later in life, at kindergartens or schools; the conditions of RSL acquisition affect the deaf signers’ language proficiency, as well as spoken Russian affects RSL’s lexicon and grammar; RSL still remains insufficiently studied and poorly documented, etc. However, RSL, as a native communication system of the Deaf, based on visual modality, is not only well maintained, but even expands some spheres of use. The main factor, which supports maintenance of RSL and which is not taken into account in the existing tools to access the degree of language vitality is visual modality. The auditory modality is inaccessible or poorly accessible for the deaf, so they can not completely shift to spoken Russian. Visual modality remains the most natural for their communication. In addition, modern technologies and the internet provide much more opportunities for the existence of RSL in this modality and for its development.

Experimental study of steam turbine control valves

2004 ◽  
Vol 218 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Zhang ◽  
A Engeda ◽  
J R Hardin ◽  
R H Aungier
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Unstable Flow ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Noise Vibration ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Complicated Nature

Because of the converging-diverging configuration of the valve passage, venturi valves have been widely used in large turbines to regulate inlet flow as turbine governing valves for about half a century. From the 1960s, a number of valve failure incidents have been reported. Improvement to current designs was strongly demanded but, owing to the complicated nature of the fluid-structure interaction mechanisms, the basic mechanism causing valve failure is still far from being fully understood. Experimental investigations on a half-scale valve were performed here. The study confirmed that asymmetric unstable flow is the root cause of valve problems, such as noise, vibration and failure.

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