A GDPR International Transfer Compliance Framework Based on an Extended Data Privacy Vocabulary (DPV)

This paper describes a tool using an extended Data Privacy Vocabulary (the DPV) to audit and monitor GDPR compliance of international transfers of personal data. New terms were identified which have been proposed as extensions to the DPV W3C Working Group. A prototype software tool was built based on the model plus a set of validation rules, and synthetic use-cases created to test the capabilities of the model and tool (together a compliance framework). This framework was created because the rules around international transfer compliance are complex and changing, there is an absence of a common approach to ensuring compliance, few tools exist to assist, and those that do lack interoperability. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed model improves compliance identification and standardisation. The tool received positive feedback from the data protection practitioners who participated in the evaluation, and an initial version of is now in use in one financial services organisation. While currently the tool only addresses international transfers, in theory the framework can be extended through further work to the broader area of compliance of other aspects of the GPDR.

Economization of the Law Applicable to Fresh Water

Economic activities have long been associated with fresh water and legal rules have been developed to govern the use and exploitation of water as a potential source of profit in this context. The various economic utilizations of water range from navigation, irrigation, the generation of hydroelectric power, and its supply for industrial and domestic use. It is notable that the economic uses of water have evolved over time. A particular focus is placed on the contemporary regimes of international trade and investment law as they relate to fresh water in this chapter. Moreover, consideration is given to the international law relating to international transfers of bulk water, as well as the emerging practice of virtual water transfers.

Testing the GDPR in Relation to Biobanking

This chapter explains how the General Data Protection Regulation's (GDPR) substantive provisions apply to biobanking. It breaks provisions down into seven groups—oversight, legitimate processing, data subject rights, data controller obligations, international transfers, sanctions, and derogations—and provides a detailed analysis of the applicability of provisions in each group in turn. The protection offered by the substantive provisions of the GDPR, however, is liable, in relation to certain types of biobanking processing, to vary between European states. Although the GDPR is, in principle, intended to be directly applicable in all states in which it applies, the law does contain several derogation possibilities relevant for biobanking—for example in relation to data subject rights. European states have already taken advantage of these possibilities to pass national laws applicable to biobanking, outlining provisions which deviate from the default standard of protection.

ASPECTS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF MILITARY AND DUAL-USE GOODS BLACK EXPORT

The research on some aspects of legal regulation of military and dual-use goods black exports is carried out in the article. It is based on the analysis of modern views of scientists on the definition of "shadow market of military and dual-use goods", "black export of military and dual-use goods", "gray export of military and dual-use goods", as well as current legislation in relevant field. It is established that the smuggling process is not identical to the process of black export of military and dual-use goods, as the list of its items, as defined by Article 201 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is much smaller than the list of objects within the process investigated in the article and the inventory of which is stipulated by the state control over international transfers of military goods, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of November 20, 2003 № 1807, as well as the Procedure for state control over international transfers of dual-use goods approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of January 28, 2004 № 86. The articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine according to which actions within the process under consideration can be qualified are given, as well as the ways of improvement of the existing legislation, through modification of article 333 of the Criminal code of Ukraine that will allow to strengthen punishments for the made actions of the investigated process in the conditions of the special period state. The need for further research in the field of legal regulation of shadow markets for military and dual-use goods should be focused on gray exports, which will form a holistic picture of shadow markets for military and dual-use goods and form a single concept of their eradication.

Mercury Challenges in Mexico: Regulatory, Trade and Environmental Impacts

Primary artisanal mercury (Hg) mining in Mexico continues to proliferate unabated, while official Hg exports have declined in recent years amid speculation of a rising black market trade. In this paper, an assessment of primary Hg mining in Mexico was conducted, with a focus on four sites in Querétaro State. Atmospheric Hg concentrations were measured at two of those sites. In addition, trade data was examined, including Hg exports from Mexico and imports by countries that have a large artisanal gold mining (AGM) sector. Results showed that while annual Hg production in Mexico has ramped up in recent years, official Hg exports reduced from 307 tonnes in 2015 to 63 tonnes in 2019. Since 2010, mercury exports to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia have represented 77% of Mexico’s total Hg trade. As the large majority of Hg trade with these countries is apparently destined for the AGM sector, which is contrary to Article 3 of the Minamata Convention, there is evidence that increased international scrutiny has led to an increase in unregulated international transfers. Atmospheric Hg concentrations at the mines show dangerously high levels, raising concern over the risk of significant health impacts to miners and other community members.

CLIMATE CLUBS WITH TAX REVENUE RECYCLING, TARIFFS, AND TRANSFERS

The E3ME-FTT model is applied to assess the impacts of alternative climate club structures. We consider two kinds of climate club memberships: the World Climate Club (WCC), where every country in the world joins the club, and the Core Climate Club (CCC), with seven likely club members: EU[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]5, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, and Australia. First, we find that both the WCC and domestic revenue-neutral recycling matter a lot. The global CO2 emissions in 2050 could be reduced by 50% from BAU under the WCC. With domestic revenue-neutral recycling, there will be large positive impacts on GDP under both the WCC and the CCC. Secondly, the negative effects of trade sanctions on cumulative global GDP and global CO2 emissions make it unwelcome to be used as part of the club design. Lastly, the introduction of international transfers will result in a win–win solution that will not only increase the cumulative global GDP and reduce global CO2 emissions but also enhance the equality among club members and induce more likely participation in the climate club.