A Review Study of the Role of Socioeconomic Status and its Components in Children’s Health

The impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on children is among the most debated issues in human rights. By reviewing the literature, this study aims to identify socioeconomic mechanisms affecting children’s health. The child’s economic operations are influenced by adults. According to several studies, children from middle- and high-SES families, unlike low-SES children, have precise and logical policies, because their parents provide logical explanations in response to their children, and consequently, their children have more cultural capital. This is the family that gives the child sociolinguistic competences. This review study showed that growth rate, nutritional quality, mental health, academic performance, intelligence quotient, mortality rate, and accidents were associated with the economic status of parents, especially mothers. Therefore, it is necessary to implement training programs on proper nutrition, accident prevention, dental health, and psychological interventions for families with low SES.

Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase A1298C polymorphisms influence the adult sequelae of chemotherapy in childhood-leukemia survivors

This retrospective correlation study investigated the putative link between methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) A1298C mutations and chemotherapy-related brain function changes in adult childhood-leukemia survivors. To this end, we determined the relationship between the particular MTHFR1298 genotype (AA, AC or CC) of 31 adult childhood-leukemia survivors, and (1) their CSF Tau and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) levels at the time of treatment, (2) their adult performance intelligence quotient (PIQ), and (3) their regional brain connectivity using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI). We confirmed that neuropathology markers Tau and pTau significantly increased in CSF of children after intrathecal methotrexate administration. Highest concentrations of these toxicity markers were found during the induction phase of the therapy. Moreover, CSF concentrations of Tau and pTau during treatment were influenced by the children’s particular MTHFR1298 genotype. CSF Tau (but not pTau) levels significantly dropped after folinic acid supplementation. At adult age (on average 13.1 years since the end of their treatment), their particular MTHFR1298 genotype (AA, AC or CC) influenced the changes in PIQ and cortical connectivity that we found to be related to their childhood exposure to chemotherapeutics. In summary, we suggest that homozygous MTHFR1298CC individuals are more vulnerable to the adult sequelae of antifolate chemotherapy.

Relationship Between Performance Intelligence Quotient and Physical Characteristics

Generally, it may be expected that physical characteristics such as brain size, height, weight, gender and body mass index (BMI) can be associated with the performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) score. The current report examines the relationship between PIQ and physical characteristics such as brain size, height, weight, gender and BMI based on a real data set. It is derived herein that PIQ is non-constant variance random variable, and its mean is positively associated with brain size (P=0.0002) and negatively associated with height (P=0.0046). Variance of PIQ is negatively partially associated with brain size (P=0.0903). It is also independent of weight, BMI and gender. PIQ is higher for the individuals with larger brain size, shorter height and irrespective of gender, body weight and BMI.

Observational and Reported Measures of Language and Pragmatics in Young People with Autism: A Comparison of Respondent Data and Gender Profiles

Female children with autism spectrum disorder (FwASD) and performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) over 70 were compared with male children with ASD (MwASD) and typically developing (TD) controls (age 8–11 years) using a range of language and pragmatic measures. Functional ability was assessed using clinical observations and parent, teacher and self-reports. Results were compared between measures, and with direct assessments of language and pragmatics, in order to identify potential biases. This study found that FwASD performed better than MwASD but worse than TD controls on clinical observations of pragmatic ability. FwASD also performed worst overall on a parental measure of emotions. Additionally, there were patterns of differences between clinician, parent, teacher and self- reports and direct assessments, which indicate the need for assessment data to be collected from multiple informants. Findings also have implications for the accurate identification of ASD in females and appropriate provision of support.

Characteristics of cognitive in children with learning difficulties

In order to explore the relationship between cognitive function in children with learning difficulties and social environment, this study uses the Wechsler Intelligence Scale and the self-made general environment questionnaire to investigate 185 children with learning difficulties and compares them with 185 normal children, and gives attention test to 50 children with learning difficulties. The results show that family environment has a certain influence on the children with learning difficulties, they have a significantly lower verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ), performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) and full scale intelligence quotient (FIQ), and the separation of VIQ and P IQ is common among them. As the children with learning difficulties grow older, their ability for abstract generalization tends to decline, which may be a characteristic of their intelligence development. This study aims to compare the functional differences in cortical regions between children with learning difficulties and children without from the perspective of cognitive neuropsychology, so as to provide effective assistance for children with learning difficulties.

The Effect of Intelligence Quotient and Emotional Quotient on Employee Performance at Pt. Karna Titian Sejahtera Denpasar

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intelligence quotient and emotional quotient on employee performance at PT. Karna Titian Sejahtera Denpasar. The design of this study is causal research which investigates the relationship between variables, which are independent the variables are intelligence quotient (X1) and emotional quotient (X2) and k inerja employees (Y) as the dependent variable. Determination of the sample in this study using a census, which is if all members of the population as many as 34 people used as samples. Data analysis using SPSS V.23 software . The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression, multiple correlation, determination, t test and F test. The result is that intelligence quotient has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, emotional quotient has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, intelligence quotient and emotional quotient simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance at PT. Karna Titian Sejahtera Denpasar.

Cognitive Profiles of Finnish Preschool Children With Expressive and Receptive Language Impairment

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the verbal and nonverbal cognitive profiles of children with specific language impairment (SLI) with problems predominantly in expressive (SLI-E) or receptive (SLI-R) language skills. These diagnostic subgroups have not been compared before in psychological studies. Method Participants were preschool-age Finnish-speaking children with SLI diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team. Cognitive profile differences between the diagnostic subgroups and the relationship between verbal and nonverbal reasoning skills were evaluated. Results Performance was worse for the SLI-R subgroup than for the SLI-E subgroup not only in verbal reasoning and short-term memory but also in nonverbal reasoning, and several nonverbal subtests correlated significantly with the composite verbal index. However, weaknesses and strengths in the cognitive profiles of the subgroups were parallel. Conclusions Poor verbal comprehension and reasoning skills seem to be associated with lower nonverbal performance in children with SLI. Performance index (Performance Intelligence Quotient) may not always represent the intact nonverbal capacity assumed in SLI diagnostics, and a broader assessment is recommended when a child fails any of the compulsory Performance Intelligence Quotient subtests. Differences between the SLI subgroups appear quantitative rather than qualitative, in line with the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM V) classification (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Altered Regional Homogeneity in Rolandic Epilepsy: A Resting-State fMRI Study

Children with rolandic epilepsy (RE) are often associated with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems. Findings from neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in RE have now demonstrated dysfunction not only in rolandic focus, but also in distant neuronal circuits. Little is known, however, about whether there is distributed abnormal spontaneous brain activity in RE. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI), the present study aimed to determine whether children with RE show abnormal local synchronization during resting state and, if so, whether these changes could be associated with the behavioral/clinical characteristics of RE. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) in children with RE(n=30)and healthy children(n=20)was computed on resting-state functional MRI data. In comparison with healthy children, children with RE showed increased ReHo in the central, premotor, and prefrontal regions, while they showed decreased ReHo in bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and temporal pole. In addition, the ReHo value in the left orbitofrontal cortex negatively was corrected with performance intelligence quotient in the children with RE. The aberrant local synchronization, not strictly related to primary site of the typical rolandic focus, indicates the neuropathophysiological mechanism of RE. The study findings may shed new light on the understanding of neural correlation of neuropsychological deficiencies in the children with RE.

Two faces of rem sleep in normal and psychopathological development

IntroductionWe have previously found an increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).ObjectivesTo further investigate sleep characteristics in children with ADHD and their association with cognitive and neurobehavioral functions.AimsWe asked whether and how REM sleep might have been associated with cognitive ability and neurobehavioral functions in children with ADHD compared with healthy children.MethodsTwenty-three children with ADHD and 21 healthy controls underwent a two-night polysomnography and completed a number of standardized tests for cognitive and neurobehavioral functioning.ResultsCompared with controls, ADHD children exhibited a greater amount of REM sleep. In the ADHD group, the increased amount of REM sleep correlated positively with psychopathological scores (inattention) and negatively with performance intelligence quotient (IQ) (Fig. 1).Fig. 1[Kirov et al_Figure 1]In contrast, in the healthy controls, the REM sleep amount correlated positively with performance IQ and negatively with psychopathological scores (inattention) (Fig. 2).Fig. 2[Kirov et al_Figure 2]ConclusionsWe conclude that REM sleep may have a bi-directional role in cognition and neurobehavioral functioning during childhood depending on the presence or absence of psychopathology.