Inka Hydraulic Engineering at the Tipon Royal Compound (Peru)

The Inka site of Tipon had many unique hydraulic engineering features that have modern hydraulic theory counterparts. For example, the Tipon channel system providing water to the Principal Fountain had a channel contraction inducing critical flow as determined by CFD analysis- this feature designed to induce flow stability and preserve the aesthetic display of the downstream Waterfall. The Main Aqueduct channel sourced by the Pukara River had a given flow rate to limit channel overbank spillage induced by a hydraulic jump at the steep-mild slope transition channel location as determined by use of modern CFD methods- this flow rate corresponds to the duplication of the actual flow rate used in the modern restoration using flow blockage plates placed in the channel to limit over-bank spillage. Additional hydraulic features governing the water supply to agricultural terraces for specialty crops constitute further sophisticated water management control systems discussed in detail in the text.

Comparison of normal hindlimb lymphatic systems in rats with detours present after lymphatic flow blockage

In the present study, we aimed to identify the normal hindlimb lymphatic systems in rats and compare them with the detours after lymphatic flow blockage. The lymphatic systems of the hindlimbs of normal rats were investigated via lymphography using a near-infrared fluorescence imaging system. The lymphatic vessels were stained using Evans Blue. The lymphatic flow was blocked through lymphatic vessel ligation combined with inguinal and popliteal lymph node dissection. Detours that appeared after 30 days were visualized using lymphography and immunostaining with anti-podoplanin antibodies. Three main results were obtained in the present study. First, the deep medial system, the superficial medial system, a connection between the superficial and deep medial lymphatic systems, and the superficial lateral system, were elucidated. Second, three types of detours, namely the detour of the lateral abdomen, the detour to the lymphatic vessel near the midline of the abdomen, and the detour to the contralateral inguinal lymph node, were identified after lymphatic flow blockage. Lastly, detours were located in the fatty layer above the panniculus carnosus muscle and their lumina were wide. The histology suggested that the detour was a pre-collecting lymphatic vessel. Lymphatic routes in the rat hindlimbs after lymphatic flow blockage were different from those of the normal rat lymphatic system. It was suggested that the detour is a pre-collecting lymphatic vessel and that encouraging its development may be a new method of simple lymphatic drainage.

Mispatterned motile cilia beating causes flow blockage in the epileptic brain

Beating of motile cilia at the brain ventricular surface generates rapid flow in an evolutionary conserved pattern mediating the transport of cerebrospinal fluid, but its functional importance has yet to be demonstrated. Here we show disturbance of this transport may contribute to seizure susceptibility. Mice haploinsufficient for FoxJ1, transcription factor regulating motile cilia exhibited cilia-driven flow blockage and increased seizure susceptibility. Mutations in two epilepsy-associated kinases, Cdkl5 and Yes1, in mice resulted in similar cilia-driven flow blockage and increased seizure susceptibility. We showed this arises from disorganized cilia polarity associated with disruption in the highly organized basal body anchoring meshwork. Together these findings suggest mispatterning of cilia-generated flow may contribute to epilepsy and thus might account for seizures unresponsive to current seizure medications.

Evaluation of Serum Level of Interleukin 1 in Patients Suffering from Acute Coronary Syndrome, Admitted to the CCU Ward of AmirAlmomenin Hospital of Zahedan

Background: Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the particles of fat builds up in the blood vessel’s walls. This build up leads to blood flow blockage or can cause the arteries to narrow, but until the stenosis of the vessel is not more than 70 percent, there won’t be any obvious symptoms. Symptoms are dependent on the location of the stenosis that can bring about diseases such as, Unstable Angina (UA), Myocardial Infarction with Q Wave (MIQW) and Non Q Wave (NMIQW). The most common causes of death in most developed countries is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), and since the inflammatory factors are one of the causes of these diseases, we decided to evaluate the level of the Interleukin-1 (IL-1) in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: 90 patients, suffering from the acute coronary syndrome were selected, which were previously diagnosed and referred to a cardiologist in the Imam Ali Ebneh hospital’s cardiac ward, in 2011. Five ml of periphery blood was obtained from each patient, after 24 hours of hospitalization. Using the ELISA method, the level of interleukin-1 was measured in the three groups of patients, each with symptoms of UA, MIQW and MINQW. Results: Our findings, showed the highest level of interleukin-1 in the MIQW patients, with the average of 46.55 pg/ml and, the lowest level in the MINQW patients, with the average of 28.17 pg/ml. Moreover, the average level of IL-1 in the patient’s serum with UA, is determined equal to 31.28 pg/ml. Although, there was no significant correlations between the type of MI development and UA, there was a significant correlation between the level of IL-1 and the type of MI development. Conclusion: Despite the fact, that the level of IL-1 was higher than normal in all the group types, and no significant correlation between the type of MI development and UA was found, there was statistically a significant correlation between the types of MI development and the level of IL-1.

Uncertainty in High-Pressure Stator Performance Measurement in an Annular Cascade At Engine-Representative Reynolds and Mach

The betterment of the turbine performance plays a prime role in all future transportation and energy production systems. Precise uncertainty quantification of experimental measurement of any performance differential is therefore essential for turbine development programs. In this paper, the uncertainty analysis of loss measurements in a high-pressure turbine vane are presented. Tests were performed on a stator geometry at engine representative conditions in a new annular turbine module called BRASTA (Big Rig for Annular Stationary Turbine Analysis) located within the Purdue Experimental Turbine Aerothermal Lab. The aerodynamic probes are described with emphasis on their calibration and uncertainty analysis, first considering single point measurement, followed by the spatial averaging implications. The change of operating conditions and flow blockage due to measurement probes are analyzed using CFD, and corrections are recommended on the measurement data. The test section and its characterization are presented, including calibration of the sonic valve. The sonic valve calibration is necessary to ensure a wide range of operation in Mach and Reynolds. Finally, the vane data are discussed, emphasizing their systematic and stochastic uncertainty.

The Application of Preoperative Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Visualization Digital Technology in the Surgical Treatment of Hepatic Echinococcosis in Tibet

Objective: The present study aims to explore the application value of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technology in the preoperative evaluation of patients with complicated hepatic echinococcosis in Tibet.Methods: A total of 200 patients with complicated hepatic echinococcosis, admitted to our hospital between May 2019 and December 2020, who underwent radical hepatectomy, were enrolled in the present study. The patients were randomly divided into a preoperative computer tomography group and a preoperative 3D reconstruction group. According to the imaging results, a surgical plan was formulated. A comparison was made between the two groups of the coincidence rate of the surgical plan and intraoperative and postoperative complications.Results: The patients with hepatic echinococcosis who underwent 3D visualization reconstruction before surgery had a high compliance rate with the surgical plans and the operating time, the number of cases with blood flow blockage, the blood flow blockage time, intraoperative hemorrhage, and postoperative biliary fistulas were significantly lower.Conclusion: The application of preoperative 3D visualization reconstruction in patients with complicated hepatic echinococcosis in Tibet could effectively improve surgical safety.

A Potential Approach for Paraffin Control for Wells in South West Trinidad Oilfields Using Wax Inhibitors and Paraffin Solvent

Paraffin deposition in production tubing and flow lines is a phenomenon that affects many oil producers. Once paraffin wax has precipitated there is a tendency to agglomerate peripherally to the production flow path which eventually leads to a sectional decrease in tubing or, even, flow blockage across production zones. The impact of paraffin deposition ranges from wellbore issues, flow assurance challenges to total production impairment. In many mature fields, paraffin remediation can be challenging when deposition occurs in the formation especially in near-wellbore regions of producing wells. Temperature loss at these locations induces wax crystallization and subsequent formation damage. A mitigative approach to paraffin deposition in these areas can typically include the utilization of both paraffin inhibitors and paraffin solvents individually or in combination. However, as it pertains to paraffin remediation downhole, inhibitor placement in the formation or at near-wellbore has proven to be very challenging. This paper reviews the performance of two main chemical applications applied to address downhole wax deposition in a well from a South West Trinidad oilfield. The paper also discusses the strategy behind identifying the chemical type for the application and considerations for the placement of the chemical treatment to impact its intended target based on well data and well infrastructure.