人類自然的身體性狀是不應被技術改造的嗎？

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. Human beings always try to transcend their limitations. Emerging technologies provide a set of powerful tools that promise to significantly improve human performance, stimulating the desire of some technical experts to transform the human body. Against this backdrop, superhumanism has come into being in today's society and is flourishing. Superhumanism has been criticized by some Chinese scholars on the basis of traditional Chinese thought. Their criticism of superhumanism is a difficult task that involves multi-level reflection on human nature, technology, and value. I argue that for the issue of superhumanism, theoretical innovation is more important than continuing to invoke traditional thought.

Coordinating the Overall Situation at China and Abroad

This report explains Coordinating the overall situation at China and abroad during 20 years. Considering the importance of domestic and foreign situations, China needs to adopt a global perspective, strengthen strategic thinking, grasp development opportunities, and respond to risks and challenges in the context of changes in the international situation. The report also put forward the requirements of enterprise innovation, through the courage to change, the courage to innovate and never fossilized, never stagnant efforts, not to be afraid of any risks, not to be confused by any interference of the firm will, promote the theoretical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation.

Revisiting the constructivist turn in political representation

In recent times, representation theory has become one of the most productive and interesting sub-fields in democratic theory. Arguably, the most important theoretical innovation are the so-called ‘constructivist’ approaches to political representation. These approaches play a central role in Creating Political Presence: The New Politics of Democratic Representation and The Constructivist Turn in Political Representation, two impressive volumes that take stock of the state of the art in representation theory. I discuss the two volumes by focusing on three broader and interconnected themes: the problem that constructivism is meant to respond to, the tendency of representation theorists to expand the possibilities of representation as broadly as possible, and the normative aspects of political representation and how constructivists deal with them.

The Leadership of the CPC and the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

To realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must adhere to the leadership of the CPC. The nature and purpose of the Party determine that only by adhering to the leadership of the CPC can we organize and mobilize the people, create a stable environment, and finally achieve the glorious goal of people's happiness. Guided by Marxism, the CPC constantly promotes theoretical innovation, which can gather the ideological consensus of realizing national rejuvenation. The road of socialism with Chinese characteristics led by the CPC is the only way to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Party regulation in Latin America: A change of normative paradigms

In spite of the growing academic interest in party law in Latin America, we still lack a comprehensive account on how party regulatory frameworks evolved from the time of transitions to the present. This paper aims to fill this gap. In doing so, it makes a double contribution to the field of party regulation. On the one hand, it systematizes, for the first time, all the reforms adopted in Latin America over the last four decades. On the other hand, it introduces a theoretical innovation by using the concept of normative paradigms to analyze a process of legislative change. The main argument of this article is that a permissive paradigm was gradually but overwhelmingly replaced by a prescriptive approach, which conceives parties as semi-state institutions. This shift sheds light on the changing linkages between parties and the state in Latin America.

Law as Technique

This chapter challenges anthropologists’ long-standing antipathy to the study of legal technique. It highlights Max Weber and Karl Llewellyn’s early interest in legal experts and legal knowledge as objects of sociological study, but suggests that the impetus to produce an external critique of law or context for law has hindered subsequent generations of anthropologists and sociolegal scholars from engaging legal technique as an object of ethnographic inquiry. In response, this chapter argues for greater ethnographic attention to the aspect of legal knowledge that most captivates lawyers: the means. The chapter highlights a growing body of sociolegal scholarship that engages with legal technique by drawing variously on systems theory and science and technology studies (STS) to illuminate the recursivity of legal expertise, the materiality of legal knowledge, and the agency of legal technique. Ultimately, this chapter argues that anthropologists’ long-standing attention to the constraints of form inherent in exchange can serve as a productive starting point both for anthropological theory and methods to elucidate the workings of legal knowledge, and for ethnography of legal technique to serve as a source of theoretical innovation.

First Words, Last Words

First Words, Last Words charts an intense “pamphlet war” that took place in sixteenth-century South India. The book explores this controversy as a case study in the dynamics of innovation in early modern India, a time of great intellectual innovation. This debate took place within the traditional discourses of Vedic hermeneutics, or Mīmāṃsā, and its increasingly influential sibling discipline of Vedānta, and its proponents among the leading intellectuals and public figures of the period. At the heart of this dispute lies the role of sequence in the cognitive processing of textual information, especially of a scriptural nature. Vyāsatīrtha and his grand-pupil Vijayīndratīrtha, writers belonging to the camp of Dualist Vedānta, purported to uphold the radical view of their founding father, Madhva, who believed, against a long tradition of Mīmāṃsā interpreters, that the closing portion of a scriptural passage should govern the interpretation of its opening. By contrast, the Nondualist Appayya Dīkṣita ostensibly defended this tradition’s preference for the opening. But, as the book shows, the debaters gradually converged on a profoundly novel hermeneutic-cognitive theory in which sequence played little role, if any. In fact, they knowingly broke new ground and only postured as traditionalists. First Words, Last Words explores the nature of theoretical innovation in this debate and sets it against the background of comparative examples from other major scriptural interpretive traditions. The book briefly surveys the use of sequence in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic hermeneutics and also seeks out parallel cases of covert innovation in these traditions.

Anthropology and the politics of alterity: A Latin American dialectic and its relevance for ontological anthropologies

Recent anglophone ontological anthropologies have an important Latin American intellectual and political history that is rarely fully acknowledged. This article outlines some of that history, arguing that debates about the politics of this ‘ontological turn’ should be read in the context of a tension between political economy and cosmological approaches that have been a feature of Latin American anthropology in some form since the early 20th century, and that are deeply implicated in histories of conquest and colonialism, including internal colonialism. This conceptual history helps to explain both the desire of some scholars to avoid a certain kind of politicisation and the argument that methodological and theoretical innovation within anthropology is political in itself. But it also means that ontological anthropology encounters some of the same challenges faced by indigenous movements confronted with similar choices.

The Fundamental Elements of Rhethoric and their Impact on Music Art

The article is devoted to the fundamental positions of rhetoric and their embodiment in music, which corresponds to the modern conditions of performing art activity. The methodological basis of the article is the position of linguistic musicology, presented by the heirs of B. Asafiev’s school in Ukraine, in which the concept of “musical vocabulary of the era” holds an honorable place. Particular attention is devoted to the features of stringed and plucked instruments, which make up the specifics and emblem of national Ukrainian art. The laws of rhetoric, especially the inventio principles, fixing the tone-sound specifics of expressive sound production were studied. The intensity of the artistic component in the creative construction of the instrumental playing and in the essence of the artist’s performing position was determined. The scientific novelty of work determined theoretical innovation for the Ukrainian musicology of the problem of rhetorical inventio in music and its application in musicological discourse.

Dispositions that matter: Investigating criminalized women’s resettlement through their (trans)carceral habitus

Whether prisoner resettlement is framed in terms of public health, safety, economic prudence, recidivism, social justice, or humanitarianism, it is difficult to overstate its importance. This article investigates women’s experiences exiting prison in Canada to deepen understandings of post-carceral trajectories and their implications. It combines feminist work on transcarceration and Bourdieusian theory with qualitative research undertaken in Canada to propose the (trans)carceral habitus as a theoretical innovation. This research illuminates the continuity of criminalized women’s marginalization before and beyond their imprisonment, the embodied nature of these experiences, and the adaptive dispositions that they have demonstrated and depended on throughout their lives. In doing so, this article extends criminological work on carceral habitus which has rarely considered the experiences of women. Implications for resettlement are discussed by tracing the impact of criminalized women’s (trans)carceral habitus (i.e. distrust, skepticism, vigilance about their environments and relationships) on their willingness to access support and services offered by resettlement organizations.