Seasonal changes in the pigment composition of needles of representatives of the genus spruce in the Nizhny Novgorod region

Изучали характер и масштаб сезонных изменений пигментного состава хвои разных видов ели (Picea A. Dietr.) в условиях интродукции в Нижегородскую область, выявляли содержание и баланс пластидных пигментов фотосинтеза. Объектами исследования выступали 13 видов ели, относящихся к аборигенам и экзотам: ель европейская (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.); ель сибирская (Picea obovata Ledeb.); ель Глена (Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast.); ель белая (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss); ель шероховатая (Picea asperata Masters); ель черная (Picea mariana Mill., Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg); ель колючая форма серебристая (Picea pungens Engelm., f. argentea); ель колючая форма голубая (Picea pungens Engelm., f. glauca Regel); ель сербская (Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk.); ель Энгельмана (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.); ель колючая (Picea pungens Engelm.); ель аянская (Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière); ель корейская (Picea koraiensis Nakai). Отбор проб осуществлен рендомизированно с соблюдением принципа единственного логического различия. Использовали спектрофотометр СФ-2000. Установлено, что содержание и соотношение пластидных пигментов в хвое динамично в течение года. Определена эффективность влияния фаз сезонного развития растений на характеристики пигментного состава: по содержанию хлорофилла-a – 18,86±0,32%; по содержанию хлорофилла-b – 21,26±0,31%; по сумме хлорофиллов – 16,13±0,33%; по каротиноидам – 37,43±0,25%; по доле хлорофилла-a – 39,74±0,24% и доле хлорофилла-b – 39,74±0,24%. Эффект влияния межвидовых различий по показателям содержания и соотношения разных форм хлорофилла и каротиноидов достоверен и в достаточной мере выравнен при максимуме 23,56±0,91%. При общих тенденциях в сезонной динамике представители рода ель обладают заметной видоспецифичностью пигментного состава. We studied the nature and scale of seasonal changes in the pigment composition of needles of different spruce species (Picea A. Dietr.) under the conditions of introduction to the Nizhny Novgorod region, and revealed the content and balance of photosynthetic plastid pigments. The objects of the study were 13 species of spruce belonging to aborigines and exotics: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.); Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.); Glen spruce (Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast.); white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss); Dragon spruce (Picea asperata Masters); black spruce (Picea mariana Mill., Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg); silver prickly spruce (Picea pungens Engelm., f. argentea); blue prickly spruce (Picea pungens Engelm., f. glauca Regel); Serbian spruce (Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk.); Engelman spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.); Blue spruce (Picea pungens engelm.); Ayan spruce (Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) carrière); Korean spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai). Sampling was carried out in a randomized manner, following the principle of a single logical difference. A spectrophotometer SF-2000 was used. It was found that the content and ratio of plastid pigments in conifers is dynamic throughout the year. The effectiveness of the influence of the phases of seasonal plant development on the characteristics of the pigment composition is determined: by the content of chlorophyll-a-18.86±0.32%; by the content of chlorophyll-b-21.26±0.31%; by the sum of chlorophylls-16.13±0.33%; by carotenoids – 37.43±0.25%; by the proportion of chlorophyll-a – 39.74±0.24% and the proportion of chlorophyll-b – 39.74±0.24%. The effect of interspecific differences in the content and ratio of different forms of chlorophyll and carotenoids is significant and sufficiently equalized at a maximum of 23.56±0.91%. With General trends in seasonal dynamics, representatives of the spruce genus have a noticeable species-specific pigment composition.

The prospect of using the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum to improve vital activity of barley seedlings by various methods of seed treatment

The influence of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum on vital activity of barley seedlings of the species Novichok was researched. In the experiments different ways of cyanobacterial treatment were used: introducing microorganisms in the growth medium and pre-sowing inoculation of barley seeds with cyanobacteria. The influence of cyanobacterial treatment on biochemical indices and linear growth of barley plants was assessed. The share of plastid pigments and intensity of the processes of lipid peroxidation were assessed in a spectrophotometric way, standard methods were applied. It was stated that Nostoc muscorum has a phytostimulating effect which consists in inhibiting oxidation processes in barley cells, accumulating substances with antioxidative activity, and activating growth processes. Pre-sowing inoculation of barley seeds with cyanobacteria is the most effective one.

The pigment complex and photosynthetic activity in the annual cycle of Polytrichum commune in the forest belt of the Khibiny Mountains on the Kola Peninsula of Russia

This paper presents data on the content and ratio of pigments, photosynthesis rate, and assimilation number throughout the annual cycle of Polytrichum commune in the forest belt of the Khibiny Mountains. It is shown that the activity of the pigment complex in the photosynthetic organs of P. commune is preserved and maintained over 2 years. The highest content of plastid pigments in this year’s shoots was recorded in fall, in the past year’s shoots in the summer. In winter, the content of chlorophylls in the photosynthetic organs of this year’s shoots decreased in 1.5 times relative to the summer maximum, and carotenoids - in 1.4 times. In the past year’s shoots, no significant changes in the content of the pigments were noted. During the active vegetation period, the photosynthetic intensity in this year’s shoots is in 1.5 times as high as that in the past year’s shoots. At the end of the growing season in the past year’s shoots the value of LHC (76%) due to their immersion deep into the moss clumps and shading them with this year’s shoots. Chlorophyll’s efficiency (assimilation number) in P. commune shoots of different ages in early spring (April) is in 2 times as high as that in fall (October).

Content of Plastid Pigments in the Needles of Pinus Pallasiana D. Don in Different Forest Growth Conditions of Anti-Erosion Planting

The influence of different forest growth conditions on the content of plastid pigments in Pinus pallasiana D. Don needles in the anti-erosion planting of the steppe zone of Ukraine was investigated. The reduction in the total chlorophyll a and b concentration in the pine needles in the area with insufficient water supply (xerophilous and mesoxerophilous hygrotopes) was found, compared with more favourable conditions for water supply (mesophilous hygrotope). The reduction in the content of green pigments in arid conditions is due to chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b showed high resistance to moisture deficiency. There is an increase in the concentration of carotenoids in pine needles in forest growth conditions with insufficient water supply (xerophilous and mesoxerophilous), compared with more favourable conditions (mesophilous), which can be explained by the adaptive role of these pigments in the processes of stabilising the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in adverse environment, and it is considered as a protective reaction of P. pallasiana to the effects of drought.

Biochemical Responses of Peach Leaves Infected with Taphrina Deformans Berk/Tul.

The phytopathogenic fungus Taphrina deformans causing the so called “leaf curl disease” in peach trees leads to severe yield losses due to the development of leaf hypertrophy and subsequent necrosis and scission. Because of its economic importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of the disease are of considerable interest to the agricultural science. In this study various biochemical parameters, including the activities of the antioxidant enzymes guaiacol peroxidase, syringaldazine peroxidase and catalase, total polyphenols and anthocyanin content, concentration of free proline, antiradical activity and quantity of plastid pigments, were characterized. All these were measured in both leaves with clear symptoms and distally situated leaves from the same plant that show no signs of the infection. The results demonstrate that the pathogen induces considerable biochemical changes concerning enzymatic and non‑enzymatic elements of the plant defense and antioxidant systems. Moreover, it seems that the fungus provokes a systemic response detectable even in the tissues without observable symptoms.