Ginsenoside Rb1 Mitigates Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endometritis through TLR4-Mediated NF-κB Pathway

Endometritis is the inflammatory response of the endometrial lining of the uterus and is associated with low conception rates, early embryonic mortality, and prolonged inter-calving intervals, and thus poses huge economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GnRb1) is a natural compound obtained from the roots of Panax ginseng, having several pharmacological and biological properties. However, the anti-inflammatory properties of GnRb1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged endometritis through the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway has not yet been researched. This study was planned to evaluate the mechanisms of how GnRb1 rescues LPS-induced endometritis. In the present research, histopathological findings revealed that GnRb1 ameliorated LPS-triggered uterine injury. The ELISA and RT-qPCR assay findings indicated that GnRb1 suppressed the expression level of pro-inflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and boosted the level of anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine. Furthermore, the molecular study suggested that GnRb1 attenuated TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling. The results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of GnRb1 in the mouse model of LPS-triggered endometritis via the inhibition of the TLR4-associated NF-κB pathway. Taken together, this study provides a baseline for the protective effect of GnRb1 to treat endometritis in both humans and animals.

Neuroendocrine Cross-Talk and Axial Regulation of Embryonic Implantation

Early embryonic mortality has become a major issue of reproductive wastages and key constraint. The survivability of embryo during early embryonic life mostly depends on secretion of hormones. Development of embryo involves the coordinated function of different hormones synthesized in different endocrine glands. Exploring the complex intricate cellular and molecular mechanism interlaying between the neuroendocrine axial system environments shall facilitate to develop new strategies to augment survivability of embryo and success rate. Therefore, the chapter focused to explore the hidden cross talk and regulatory mechanisms to unfold the coordinating role of axial system in the embryonic implantation and also to explore the impact of climate change on embryonic implantation.

MODEL STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE TOXIC INTERACTION BETWEEN GLYPHOSATE AND COPPER SULPHATE ON CHICKEN EMBRYOS

The toxic effects of the Taifun Forte herbicide (360 g/l glyphosate isopropylamine salt) applied alone or in combination with copper sulphate were studied on chicken embryos in the early phase of embryonic development. The test materials were injected in 0.1 ml volume into the air chamber of eggs on the first day of incubation. Subsequently, on the third day of incubation permanent preparations were made from the embryo in order to study the early developmental stage. Embryos fixed on slides and stained with osmium tetroxide solution were studied under light microscope. The embryonic mortality and the developmental anomalies was analysed statistically by Fisher test. According to the result of the statistical evaluation, the embryonic mortality was not influenced by the single treatment of copper sulphate. However, Taifun Forte and its combination with heavy metal significantly increased the early embryonic mortality. Developmental abnormalities were sporadically observed due to the single administration of copper sulphate. The incidence of it was increased due to the treatment with herbicide alone and in combination with copper sulphate. Based on the results, additive toxic interaction may occur between the copper sulphate and glyphosate that can highly reduce the viability of the embryos or can lead to extinction of wild birds in serious cases.

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in some domestic animals: A review

Introduction: Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy (MRP) is a physiological process whereby the conceptus signals its presence to the maternal organism and prolongs the lifespan of the corpus luteum. MRP is critical to homeostasis of pregnancy. Many cases of pregnancy losses have been attributed to the failure of MRP. One of such cases is early embryonic mortality, a leading cause of infertility in animals. The purpose of this review is to highlight the general mechanisms of MRP and the specie-specific differences in some domestic animals. Method: A search was conducted with the exploration and filtration of databases and repositories of Google Scholars, Scopus, PubMed and ResearchGate for scientific publications. Results: This article explains mechanisms of MRP in different domestic species of animals. Significance: The concept would provide a better insight in understanding a major aetiology to pregnancy losses, which has an implication on production and the agrarian economy.

Ритмічність статевих циклів корів та рівень прихованої ранньої ембріопатії

Results of a monitoring research of rhythm of sexual cycles of cows between repeated inseminations are presented. It is authentically established that in the conditions of loose housing keeping of cows the unevenness of a sexual cycles of cows after the inseminations which did not end with stylishness is considerably widespread in the production lactic complex (by results of ultrasonography in 35–45 days). At the same time the significant influence of seasonal and fodder factors is noted: duration of intervals between inseminations averaged 70.41 days in the winter, and in the summer of 38.54 days, respectively, that demonstrated presence of the hidden early embryonic mortality at cows. Only in 7.58 and 22.70% (winter-summer) of observations the interval between repeated inseminations within specific physiological norm was established, the shortened cycles fixed at 3.03–10.75% of cows, extended – at 89.39–65.95%, respectively. The analysis of a complex ethological and the morph functional of indexes of dairy herd authentically revealed a critical interval of the hidden fetal mortality of the period between implantation of a nucleus and formation of fruit envelopes (40–63 days between repeated inseminations). Ultrasonography by scanning at cows it is not established inflammatory processes in a cavity of the uterus, but 73% of cases degenerately – dystrophic damages of ovaries are diagnosed that shows need of use gisto- and cytological methods of researches for studying of possible destructive processes in structure of the cells and fabrics of a reproductive path.

Kahverengi Yumurtacı Saf Hatlarda Bazı Yumurta Kalite Özelliklerinin Kuluçka Sonuçları Üzerine Etkisi

This study was conducted to determine the influence of eggshell thickness, albumen height, yolk height and haugh unit on hatching results. A total of 746 eggs, which were obtained and evaluated for egg quality parameters from 100 brown pure line hens of 42 weeks of age, were used. Eggs were collected from each hen for 12 days and individual incubation was carried out. Eggs were grouped based on quality parameters and evaluated accordingly. The findings suggested that hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, early, mid and late embryonic mortality did not differ in terms of haugh unit, albumen height, eggshell thickness and yolk height groups. However, early embryonic mortality was found different between the yolk height groups. No relationship was determined among albumen height, haugh unit, eggshell thickness and hatching results. There was no relation between yolk height and hatchability of fertile eggs, hatchability, mid and late embryonic mortalities but was a positive correlation with early embryonic mortality. The results of the present study demonstrate that egg quality parameters studied here had no influence on hatching results except that early embryonic mortality increased with the yolk height.