Digital cultural heritage standards: from silo to semantic web

This paper is a survey of standards being used in the domain of digital cultural heritage with focus on the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) created by the Library of Congress in the United States of America. The process of digitization of cultural heritage requires silo breaking in a number of areas—one area is that of academic disciplines to enable the performance of rich interdisciplinary work. This lays the foundation for the emancipation of the second form of silo which are the silos of knowledge, both traditional and born digital, held in individual institutions, such as galleries, libraries, archives and museums. Disciplinary silo breaking is the key to unlocking these institutional knowledge silos. Interdisciplinary teams, such as developers and librarians, work together to make the data accessible as open data on the “semantic web”. Description logic is the area of mathematics which underpins many ontology building applications today. Creating these ontologies requires a human–machine symbiosis. Currently in the cultural heritage domain, the institutions’ role is that of provider of this open data to the national aggregator which in turn can make the data available to the trans-European aggregator known as Europeana. Current ingests to the aggregators are in the form of machine readable cataloguing metadata which is limited in the richness it provides to disparate object descriptions. METS can provide this richness.

US job market bifurcation will restrict the recovery

Significance The recovery of the US labour market still lags that of the economy overall, although it mirrors its bifurcation. While the COVID-19 recession has ended for high-wage workers, job losses persist for low-wage workers, who are concentrated in in-person services. Impacts Changing skills requirements to meet the needs of digitising businesses will amplify tech sector labour shortages. Firms will reduce the qualifications required of candidates to fill vacancies, putting productivity at risk. High labour turnover will mean higher hiring and training costs for companies and loss of institutional knowledge. Labour shortages will limit companies' power to obstruct unionisation.

Providing Legal Aid in Facing Cases for Underprivileged Communities at the Religious Courts of Semarang City

This research aims to generate understanding through analysis related to legal regulations on legal aid and their application of Law 16/2011 concerning Legal Aid including several other implementing arrangements at the Semarang Religious Court. The form of the application of legal aid is implemented with the intention that people who are unable to obtain justice facilities through the implementation of legal aid by advocates. The provision of legal assistance at the Semarang Religious Court in cases of underprivileged communities has not run optimally as evidenced by advocates who handle a number of cases related to legal aid according to Law 16/2011 with a percentage of less than 10% of all cases that have been received. . The ambiguity of legal norms becomes a juridical obstacle in the regulations that have the authority to provide legal aid between Law 20/2009 on Religious Courts and Law 16/2011 on Legal Aid, namely the lack of socialization of the Law on Legal Aid. So that the impact results in the "lack of public knowledge" of legal services; lack of institutional knowledge outside the court; and the lack of coordination between courts and institutions that provide legal assistance; The limited budget available in the APBN to assist in the provision of laws is also an obstacle in handling a case if the case continues to the level of appeal, the level of cassation, and even the level of judicial review.

ALINSKYISM AND TACTICAL DEXTERITY: BUILDING THE TEXAS CHICANO MOVEMENT, 1965–1978

This article examines internal processes that helped Alinskyism become a hegemonic style of organizing among Chicanos in Texas over New-Left and Marxist styles. I argue that Alinskyite Chicanos outmaneuvered rival activists through what I call tactical dexterity. Tactical dexterity illuminates how actors transpose cultural schemas with organizational knowledge to craft tactics that build political power, negotiate status, and expunge rivals to control resources. The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) and Raza Unida Party illustrate the political maneuverings of activists to organize Chicanos in Texas. Sewell’s framework of structuration illuminates how activists use creative flexibility in adopting tactics to prevail over rivals. This article illustrates the creativity of Alinskyite organizers in leveraging cultural schemas and institutional knowledge to force recognition of Chicanas and to remove Marxists from conventions. These moments provide an opportunity to reveal processes through which one style of organizing prevailed over others.

International growth of SMEs: exploring the effects of adaptive selling, institutional knowledge, innovativeness and opportunity recognition

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects of adaptive selling, as a high-level individual-level marketing capability, institutional knowledge, international opportunity recognition and general innovation-orientation of managers on the international growth of Iranian small- and medium-sized enterprises. Also, drawing on strands of research into early internationalisation firms, this study attempts to determine the impact of precocity and speed of internationalisation as a moderator of the relationship of antecedents to international growth. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on answers of 748 managers from 186 firms to a self-reporting questionnaire. The partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling approach was used to assess the measurement and construct the model. Furthermore, the study used a PLS multigroup design with four groups of firms to compare the paths with regard to precocity and speed of internationalisation. Findings Significant associations for seven out of eight hypotheses were found. The international opportunity recognition was found to mediate the relationship between institutional knowledge and adaptive selling-innovativeness. Additionally, the results of the comparisons found important implications to early and fast internationalisation. Originality/value This study shows that international growth stems from individual innovation orientation. It sheds light on the importance of institutional knowledge, adaptive selling and opportunity recognition for early and pacey internationalisation. The findings contribute to the international entrepreneurship literature based on both the early and gradual internationalisation.

Factors influencing intention to intervene in elder abuse among nursing students

Purpose This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the intention to intervene in elder abuse among nursing students. Methods A descriptive survey design was used, and questionnaires were completed by 182 nursing students. Statistical analysis was performed on the data collected, using SPSS 25.0, χ2-test, t-test, correlation, and regression analysis to confirm predictors of intention to intervene in elder abuse. Results Awareness of abuse, legal and institutional knowledge, and attitude were positively correlated with the intention to intervene in elder abuse. Factors influencing the intention to intervene by nursing students were education courses about elder abuse, awareness of elder abuse, legal and institutional knowledge, and attitude. Conclusion The findings suggest that it is necessary to provide educational protocols for nursing students to improve their awareness and knowledge of elder abuse. Based on the findings of this study, there is a need for specific education programs and guidelines to increase the assessment of, and intervention in, elder abuse.

Enablers of knowledge management: practical research-based in the construction industry

Purpose To effectively implement knowledge management, one prerequisite is to understand and implement the knowledge management enablers in the sense of optimal institutional efficiency. This paper aims to analyze and measure the significant enablers in overseeing knowledge management in the construction sector. Design/methodology/approach The mixed-method technique was used to achieve the objective of this study and involved the application of detailed questions to project engineers and project managers within leading construction engineering companies, provided by the Institution of Engineering and Technology Ghana. In total, 150 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences v. 26. Findings The study confirms that the knowledge management enablers such as employees knowledge, motivations, effective decisions and strategic planning are some of the important ways in which construction professionals can achieve different strategic goals in many processes and concluded that the progress of the next generation knowledge management strategy will be based on content sharing, decision-making and by promoting the free flow of ideas. Originality/value The study offers perspectives into knowledge management enablers and recommends key performance factors, championed by Ghanaian construction contractors for institutional knowledge capture.

Lying

This chapter, ‘Lying’, examines how peacemakers respond to renewed violence during peace negotiations and the implications for recurrent war and non-violent politics. Specifically, it investigates how and why foreign peacemakers misrepresented the political dimensions of Darfur’s violence for a critical year when war broke out and escalated rapidly. A careful textual analysis of peacemakers’ public statements and internal institutional knowledge gives evidence to how they either stayed conspicuously silent despite mandates or accountabilities requiring them to speak out, or depoliticized the violence, thus distancing the conflict from the realm of Sudan’s ‘north-south’ peace negotiations. Further, the chapter argues that peacemakers actively turned a blind eye to the SPLM/A’s surrogate violence in Darfur and, for a time, also gave a green light to the government’s counter-insurgency. That peacemakers might lie per se is not of interest; lies are a feature of politics in the public realm. However, lying is prone to exacerbate violence when, coming from those claiming to make peace, it serves to deny a public realm for political justification or condemnation of violence.

Operational Requirements of Explosive Detection Canines: Expert Perspectives

Explosive detection canines (EDC) play an important role in protecting people and property. The utilization of and research on EDCs is often based on personal experience or incomplete knowledge. EDC practitioners (handlers, trainers, and leaders) possess the institutional knowledge necessary to understand EDC operational requirements. This study utilized a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews of EDC experts (n = 17) from across the employment spectrum. The interviews elicited EDC expert perceptions of the performance of the EDC team and the operational requirements in the physical, climate, operational, and explosive odor environments. Analysis of the data revealed commonalities across all EDCs and utilization-specific differences. To be effective, the EDC team must function well on both ends of the leash, and the handler likely has the greatest impact on the EDC’s performance. Common requirements include expectations to perform at a high level in a variety of manmade and natural physical environments and under a range of climate conditions. EDCs must work through the visual, olfactory, and auditory challenges of the operational environment and the countermeasure efforts of those utilizing explosive devices. Utilization-specific differences like patrol or assault training and utilization add additional requirements for some EDCs. The results of this study can be used to inform EDC selection, training, assessment, and deployment, and further research into EDC performance.