scholarly journals Criminological Characteristics of the Causes and Conditions of Terrorist Crimes

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Anna Serebrennikova ◽  
Alexander Sukhodolov ◽  
Boris Spasennikov
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Subjective Reason

Terrorism, as a social and legal phenomenon, is one of the most dangerous challenges both for the Russian Federation and the global community. It is acquiring more and more diverse forms and its scale is threatening. Russian legislators describe terrorism as an ideology of violence and a practice of influencing the decision-making of bodies of power at different levels or of international organizations through the intimidation of people and (or) other forms of illegal violent acts. The article is devoted to the criminological description of the causes and conditions of terrorist activities. The authors note that the emergence of terrorism has certain historical prerequisites. The causes and conditions of terrorist activities are connected with both internal and external (political, economic, religious, psychological) factors, including those common for all countries. The key factors that produce terrorism at present are, according to the authors, the severe character and complexity of various social and political contradictions. Another factor, or rather the consequence of the first one, is wars and armed conflicts. It is noted that one of the reasons for the persistence of modern terrorism (both its ideology and infrastructure) are gaps in international and national legislations. Besides, there are contradictions between states in their assessment of terrorists and their definition of terrorism. According to the authors, the absence of the concept «terrorism» in corresponding international legal documents is one of the reasons for the existing situation and for its escalation as the number of terrorist acts increases. The authors stress that the subjective reason for terrorist activities is the motivation of its subjects. It is a subjective reflection of the possible complex of objective causes and existing contradictions. The authors conclude that the «multifaceted character» of terrorism makes it possible to single out comprehensive causes and conditions of terrorist activities, however, the researchers present its typical manifestations.

scholarly journals Assessment of the efficiency of the decisions made during implementation of the investment project in construction

2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 05002
Author(s):  
Irina Karakozova ◽  
Yulia Prochorova
Keyword(s):  
Investment Decision ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Capital Construction ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The imperfection of structure and the maintenance of stages of a predesign stage of implementation of the investment project creates some problems which pass into the subsequent stages of the reproduction cycle of a capital construction project, forming additional expenses of time, money and human resources. The authors pay the main attention to the stage of justification of investments (mainly to the means of the federal budget) as to the key element of decision making on the project implementation and also to the technical-and-economical justification of the project, which determines the further design and construction of the facility of the real estate. It is offered to use the system of indicators for the assessment of efficiency of the made decisions on the basis of uncontrollable and controlled factors. The mathematical model of the factors, the order of definition of the extent of their influence is offered. Scenarios of the choice of the investment decision on the basis of the established principles in the conditions of uncertainty are described. The authors point out, that during introduction of the offered mechanism it is necessary to adopt the relevant amendments to the legislative and regulations of the Russian Federation, that in turn involves the emergence of a temporary log. However, the planned results of the work of the modernized system will affect positively on the reduction of duration of the predesign stage without any loss of its qualitative characteristics. Thus, that might become one of the key factors of sustainable development of modern cities.

COUNTERING “FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS”: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHED BY THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-250
Author(s):  
Francesca Capone
Keyword(s):  
Security Council ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrorist Acts

Terrorism constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. The newest challenge posed by this threat is represented by the phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters”. Current estimates place the number of foreigners who have joined the ongoing armed conflicts in the Middle East between 20,000 and 30,000. How many of these foreign fighters also fall within the definition of foreign terrorist fighters (i.e. those travelling abroad with a “terrorist” intent) provided by UN Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) is very difficult to assess. In primis because the resolution refers to “terrorists”, “terrorist acts”, and “terrorist training” without actually defining “terrorism” and thus leaving to each Member State the task to determine the breadth and the contours of this concept. Secondly because the text lacks legal certainty with regard to many other crucial aspects, e.g., the relationship between counter-terrorism and international humanitarian law, the interpretation of the term “State of residence”, and the risk of abuse of refugee status. These shortcomings not only jeopardize the ability to implement a uniform approach, but they also increase the likelihood of fostering abusive responses. This article argues that Resolution 2178 has not been adopted in a legal vacuum, on the contrary it extensively builds on the anti-terrorism framework established by previous Security Council resolutions and thus it inherits and exacerbates many old and unresolved issues. Ultimately, the present article seeks to determine to what degree the new set of binding obligations placed upon Member States to thwart the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters is effective and it discusses the extent to which it could enhance or hinder counter-terrorism’s compliance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international refugee law.

Foreign Policy: the Realism of Idealism

1952 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Cook ◽  
Malcolm Moos
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Interest ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Different Levels

World politics today is admittedly bipolar, and it seems destined to remain so within the foreseeable future. Beset by its sustained tension, Americans have been led to debate, sometimes acrimoniously, the proper foundations, scope, and content of an effective foreign policy. Since presumably the central theme and central purpose of this debate is the definition of what constitutes the American national interest, the first objective is to define the idea of national interest. Thereafter it is necessary to draw proper deductions relevant to the total world situation, and in turn to apply these deductions as policy to the forces there at work. These forces—political, economic, ideological, and military—in their interconnectedness collectively constitute the raw materials for assessment, judgment, planning, and action in our policy-making.Resultant differences of opinion therefore can take place at different levels. Initially there are vastly divergent concepts of the characteristics of a nation, of the role of nations in the world, and of the nature of interests proper to a nation. The scope of these divergencies is often hidden by our tendency to find in the term “national interest” connotations of particularism, of exclusiveness, of the nation as against, or superior to, the rest of the world.

scholarly journals Ukraine–NATO: State and Prospects of Cooperation Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Skachko
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Development Prospects

Сurrent relations of Ukraine with NATO and prospects for their development to develop a common defense and security policy are considered. It is noted that the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, its illegal annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, waging a «hybrid war» against it, military intervention in the eastern regions of Ukraine, constant military, political, economic and information pressure from Russia necessitate Ukraine’s search for more effective guarantees. NATO remains the most influential security organization, so political and military cooperation with it is vital for Ukraine. Today, NATO’s European policy focuses mainly on security issues, as well as on enhancing dialogue with both member countries and candidate countries. The definition of modern features of NATO’s European and Euro-Atlantic policy and prospects for the development of Ukraine’s new security policy are relevant. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current relationship between Ukraine and the Alliance and their development prospects. The Concept of Improving Public Awareness of Ukraine’s Cooperation with NATO during 2017–2020 approved by the President of Ukraine on February 21, 2017 in order to increase public support for state policy in the field of Euro-Atlantic integration and the level of trust of Ukrainian citizens in NATO as a key institution in strengthening international security is analyzed. The results of sociological research on Ukraine’s membership in NATO are presented, which reflect the dynamics of public support for Ukraine’s membership in NATO. Key words: NATO-Ukraine; cooperation; security; sociological data; Ukraine’s membership in NATO.

scholarly journals How Can the International Community Best Respond to the Problem of Child Soldiers?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MA. Astrit Lleshi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Child Soldiers ◽  
International Community ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Definition Of

The child soldier phenomenon is not recent and has been manifested throughout centuries; as such the use of children in armed conflicts receives universal condemnation.Currently child soldiers of different age groups are forced to kill and commit other violent acts in many wars and other conflicts around the world; however it is impossible to know their exact numbers.In 1998 The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has criminalized the use of children in armed conflicts, nevertheless to this day minors are being abused indiscriminately in many armed conflicts around the world. This article argues for the creation, use and application of a single universal definition of what constitutes child soldiering, recognition and protection of children as a vulnerable group in armed conflicts, as well as  attempts to put forward ideas how can international community best respond to the problem of the child soldiers.

scholarly journals REGIONAL APPROACH TO INFRASTRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
S.V. Avilkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Educational Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Approach ◽  
Hierarchical Structuring ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels

The relevance of studying the issues of infrastructure classification is due to the problems of regional asymmetry of Russian regions and the need to assess their infrastructural potential, identify infrastructural facilities that meet the needs of organizations of both the region and territorial entities of different levels. In connection with the processes of changing technological structures, the intellectualization of the economy, the formation of approaches to assessing the educational and scientific and educational infrastructure of the region becomes relevant. The purpose of the article is to describe the regional approach to the classification of infrastructure, as well as to substantiate the influence of educational infrastructure on the development of the economy. The analysis of existing approaches to the definition of the concept of «infrastructure» and its classification is applied. The proposed classification is based on the idea of structuring the infrastructure in accordance with the requests of researchers of the regional economy and the needs arising at different levels of state and corporate governance. As a result of the study, a regional approach to the classification of infrastructure objects was proposed. The advantages of this approach are described. A hierarchical structuring of infrastructural potential based on the identification of different regional levels is proposed. Based on the application of the stakeholder approach with identifying the list of users of the infrastructure object, the following types of regions were identified: «regions — infrastructure donors» and «regions — infrastructure recipients». The argumentation of the thesis «educational infrastructure is an industrial infrastructure» is given, which is based on the analysis of indicators included in the methods of assessing the innovative development of the economy; analysis of the parameters used by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia for forecasting the rate of economic growth; analysis of the potential of higher education as an important element in the development of the knowledge economy. The approaches of researchers to the concept of «scientific and educational infrastructure» are analyzed and the author’s approach to the analysis of the regional potential of scientific and educational infrastructure as an element of the industrial infrastructure of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is proposed. The materials of the article can be used by researchers of regional development problems, heads of organizations and government bodies for structuring infrastructure facilities in the region, identifying the infrastructural potential of individual facilities, highlighting objects of scientific and educational infrastructure. Key words: regional economy, classification of infrastructure, higher education, infrastructure potential of the territory, scientific and educational infrastructure.

Deportation, Crisis, and Social Change

2018 ◽  
pp. 570-586
Author(s):  
Heike Drotbohm ◽  
Ines Hasselberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels

In contemporary migration policy and practice across the globe, deportation has emerged as an apparently inevitable response to real, or otherwise perceived, migration crises. A skeptical attitudetoward the analytic use of “crisis” in the context of deportation is called for, as is the need to concentrate on the political genealogy of the term, which culminates in the justification of “emergency” policies and the implementation of new measures of control. Yet, at the same time—when states govern undocumented or unwanted residents through deportation and employ the notion of crisis for justifying irregular and often violent acts towards deportable subjects—a situation emerges that indeed shares key characteristics with the definition of crisis. Not only deportees, but also their families and other community members perceive the threat, the execution, and the outcome of deportation as a radical disruption from the norm, a break of a situation considered normal, stable, and healthy. By means of distinguishing different levels of perceptions as well as rationales of linking deportation to the notion of crisis, the transformative element inherent in deportation is revealed, which complicates popular and political notions of membership, security, and mobility.

scholarly journals SAFETY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES IN UKRAINE: ORGANIZATIONAL AND REGULATORY PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Vasyl Franchuk ◽  
◽  
Pavlo Pryhunov ◽  
Stepan Melnyk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Security System ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Regulatory Problems ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The theoretical foundations of the functioning of critical infrastructure, which focuses on critical analysis of the content of the concepts of critical infrastructure and critical infrastructure security are revealed in the article. The definition of a number of concepts in the field of critical infrastructure and its safety, which should be used in the relevant legal documents, is proposed and substantiated. The key factors to consider when organizing the security of critical infrastructure are suggested and grounded. It is determined that for the proper organization of the safety of critical infrastructure, the availability of official relevant legal documents and organizational structure is crucial, within which they should be divided into groups with clear content characteristics. Since, the structure of the security system of critical infrastructure facilities in Ukraine, the scope of security powers and responsibilities of their owners and the state will depend on their content. An expert assessment of the feasibility of standardization of basic security concepts and the organization of the security system of critical infrastructure is conducted. It is found that the formation of public-private partnership in the field of critical infrastructure security is important to increase the efficiency of this system. It has been established that security activity in the field of critical infrastructure is a rather complex process, which, in addition to security mechanisms, will include coordination, as well as activities that require appropriate management. All these factors require appropriate specialists, whose training and retraining should begin in higher education institutions that have educational and safety technologies, some experience with the involvement of practitioners. It is determined that the certification and maintenance of registers should be an important and obligatory element in the organization of security of critical infrastructure facilities.

scholarly journals The model of the organizational and technical weapons and military equipment recovery system

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 194-208
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kotsiuruba ◽  
Vladimir Dachkovskyі ◽  
Tymur Kurtseitov
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Rational Structure ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Different Levels

Analysis of wars and armed conflicts in recent years and the performance of tasks by military units (subunits) in a United Forces operation (anti-terrorist operation) confirms that the success of the troops (forces) in performing tasks will depend on the performance of the logistics system. The availability of military units with serviceable weapons and military equipment (WME) ensures the fulfillment of the mission and the advantage over the enemy. At the same time, the timeliness of providing military units (subunits) with serviceable weapons and military equipment depends on the efficiency of the logistics system, namely, on the recovery subsystem, which is its component. However, as studies have shown, there is currently insufficient sufficiency of the recovery system. All this is related to the definition of the composition of forces and means and the structure of the WME recovery system at different levels of the hierarchy. Therefore, in the article, it is considered that for the WME recovery system, the main parameter is the allowable time of WME recovery, differentiated by levels of complexity of tasks. Determination of this parameter for the basic variant of construction of WME recovery system is proposed using the average indicator of the intensity of the flow of possible volumes of tasks on the WME recovery. To determine the rational structure of WME recovery system and to calculate its main parameters the combined method of optimization of WME recovery system was used. Containing two stages: on the first - based on the requirements to the permissible terms of WME recovery system, the rational structure of the recovery system is defined, and on the second – using the method of statistical modeling, the parameters of the structure and composition of forces and means of the WME recovery system at each level of the hierarchy are defined.

Digital society technologies: benefits and risks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Vladimirovna Kostina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Systematic Program

In his Address to the Federal Assembly on December 1, 2016, the President of Russia outlined the relevance of the systematic program of the digital economy related to the development of the “economy of a new technological generation”. The definition of the digital economy was presented in the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017–2030, published a little later, as an activity in which the key factors of production are data presented in digital form, while their processing and use in large volumes, including directly at the time of their formation, allow to significantly increase the efficiency, quality and productivity in various types of production, technologies, equipment during storage, sale, delivery and consumption of goods and services, in comparison with traditional forms of management. Today, the digital transformation of society, its economic, financial, social spheres, and education has acquired a large-scale nature. In October 2020, Russian Prime Minister M. Mishustin signed Resolution No. 1646 on a new approach to digitalization of government agencies. The article shows the unconditional benefits of the introduction of digital technologies, as well as the risks associated with their implementation.

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