A new species and comparative morphology of Philippine sea biscuits (Echinoidea: Clypeaster)

A new species of clypeasterid sea biscuit, Clypeaster brigitteae n. sp., is described from material collected in the Philippines at depths between 100 and 200 m. The new taxon increases the number of Clypeaster species recorded from the Philippines to nine, representing nearly a quarter of the world’s diversity of the genus. Other Philippine species include: C. annandalei Koehler, 1922; C. fervens Koehler, 1922; C. humilis (Leske, 1778); C. japonicus Döderlein, 1885; C. latissimus (Lamarck, 1816); C. pateriformis Mortensen, 1948; C. reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758); and C. virescens Döderlein, 1885. Using type material where available, each of these species is compared and contrasted with C. brigitteae n. sp. in tables consisting of new data derived from general test shape and size, petal structure, food grooves, plate architecture, internal structure, and morphology of spines, pedicellariae, and tube feet.

Redescription of the sea urchin Eucidaris thouarsii (Cidaroida: Cidaridae) based on material from the Mexican Pacific

Introduction: Eucidaris thouarsii is a cidaroid sea urchin found from the Gulf of California to Ecuador. Its taxonomy is based on general descriptions of test shape, primary and secondary spines, the Aristotle’s lantern, apical system, and peristome. Objective: To redescribe E. thouarsii with detailed descriptions, adding new taxonomic characters. Methods: We examined and reidentified 792 specimens, measuring and analyzing in detail structures of taxonomic value. Results: The horizontal diameter of the test ranges from 2.8 to 48.45 mm; the peristome corresponds to 40-60 % of that diameter, proportionally bigger than the apical system; the interambulacral areas are four times larger than the ambulacral areas. The variation of the pedicellariae is shown with scanning electron microscopy. The specimens of the Mexican oceanic islands are markedly different when compared to those of the mainland. Conclusions: Eucidaris thouarsii has five well differentiated secondary spines, and also specific regionalization; the apical system varies according to the size of the Horizontal Diameter of the Test; the globiferous pedicellariae have intraspecific differences; and the tridentate pedicellariae are specifically regionalized.

FORMULASI DAN UJI DAYA HAMBAT SABUN CAIR EKSTRAK ETANOL SERAI WANGI (Cymbopogon nardus L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Staplylococcus aureus

Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus.L) contains essential oil compounds, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids which are antibacterial. The use of active compounds of Citronella is formulated into antibacterial liquid soap preparations. This study aims to determine the characteristics of liquid soap and its inhibition against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research is experimental to formulate liquid soap containing ethanol extract of lemongrass sticks at concentrations of 9% (F1), 18% (F2) and 24% (F3). The test parameters for liquid soap preparations include organoleptic test (shape, aroma, color), homogeneity test, pH test, foam height test, foam stability test, free alkaline test and inhibition test against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus using the Kirby-Bauer method. The results showed that the liquid soap preparations in the F1, F2 and F3 formulas were liquid, had a distinctive aroma of Citronella and were brown in color, homogeneous. The pH values, foam height, foam stability and free alkaline content of liquid soap were F1 (12; 70 mm; 85.7% and 0.14%), F2 (11. 80 mm, 87.5% and respectively). 0.10%), F3 (10.100 mm, 90% and 0.08%). The formula inhibition zone diameters are 32.06 mm, 25.6 mm and 29.2 mm, respectively. The conclution is the characteristics of the liquid soap with the ethanol extract of Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus.L) meet the requirements as liquid soap. The greatest inhibitory effectiveness on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was a formula at a concentration of 24% (F3) with a strong category.

Impact of organic farming in the pharmaceutical industry

Natural cultivating is types of unindustrialized that be contingent on strategy, for example, crop turn, green excrement, fertilizer and organic bug control. Depending upon whose characterization is exploited manure and insecticides (which incorporates herbicides bug sprays and fungicides) on the off chance that they are watched, as usual, Homology demonstrating, otherwise referred to as comparable displaying of protein which mentions to emerging a nuclear aim version of the "target" protein from its corrosive amino grouping and a three-dimensional test shape of an associated homologous protein (the "layout"). Natural humanizing work incongruity with fauna in its place of in contradiction of it. This comprises using approaches to complete excellent harvest yields without aching the shared environment or the individuals who animate and work in it. Scope of natural techniques can be utilized simultaneously to permit them to collaborate for the most dangerous benefit. For occurrence, the application of green nourishments and cautious expansion composed give favoured regulator of weeds over if the strategies were exploited all alone. Natural cultivating gives long haul advantages to individuals and the earth. Numerous research found that therapeutic plants developed naturally could improve good mixes. Examination to gather GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) for rejuvenating plants developed naturally in Indonesia should be urged to help the economical flexibly and effective of crude materials.

Formulation and Clinical Evaluation of Anti-Aging Activity of Blemish Balm Cream Vitamin E and Determination of SPF Value with Spectrophotometry

Objective: to formulate face powder and foundation cream preparations into Blemish Balm Cream preparations with the addition of vitamin E, avobenzone and octyl methoxoxycinamic acid and to determine the effect of vitamin E on anti-aging activity and SPF values. Design: Blemish Balm Cream formulated from face powder and foundation cream in a ratio of 1: 2 and the addition of vitamin E in various concentrations, F0 (blank), F1 (1%); F2 (3%), and F3 (5%) and Avobenzone 3% sunscreen and 7.5% Octylmethoxycinamic. Interventions: the intervened variable was the concentration of vitamin E used. Main outcome measures: the main measurement in this study were organoleptic test (shape, color and odor), homogeneity, pH, type of emulsion, viscosity, cycling test, spreadability, storage stability at room temperature, low temperature and high temperature for 12 weeks, irritation test, anti-activity aging with skin analysis and determination of SPF values ​​by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The Formulated Blemish Balm Cream was homogeneous, yellowish brown, has an emulsion type m / a, stable in room temperature storage (20-25 ° C), unstable in low temperature (4 ± 2 ° C), and high temperature ( 40 ± 2 ° C), had a pH of 6.0-7.9, produces a viscosity value that meets the requirements, was stable in the cycling test and did not irritate the skin. The results of anti-aging activity on F3 (5%) had a better effect than F0 (blank), F1 (1%) and F2 (3%) which characterized by increased skin moisture, pore reduction, reduction in the number of blemishes and reduction in wrinkles and produced higher SPF value. Conclusion: Vitamin E (5%) and avobenzone 3% sunscreen and 7.5% octylmethoxycinamic could formulated into Blemish Balm Cream preparations used face powder and foundation formulas (1: 2) and provided good anti-aging activity effects, did not irritate the skin and could increased the value of the Sun Protecting Factor to 22.21

A new goniopholidid crocodyliform, Hulkepholis rori sp. nov. from the Camarillas Formation (early Barremian) in Galve, Spain)

Background The neosuchian crocodyliform genus Hulkepholis constitutes the longirostral lineage of the European Goniopholididae. It comprises two species ranging from the Valanginian of southern England to the lower Albian of the northern Teruel (Spain). A new species of Hulkepholis is described based on a partially complete skull from the lower Barremian Camarillas Formation. We investigate its phylogenetic position and the palatal patterns among members of Goniopholididae and the closely related Thalattosuchia and Tethysuchia. Methods Phylogenetic relationships were investigated with two matrices using a previously published dataset as the basis: the first differed only by the addition of the new species, the second had newly discovered states for 11 characters, the new species plus several additional specimens of Hulkepholis and Anteophthalmosuchus. Both matrices were processed using TNT v. 1.1, in a heuristic analysis of maximum parsimony, with tree bisection and reconnection 1,000 random addition replicates and saving the 10 most parsimonious trees per replicate, and up to 10 suboptimal trees to calculate Bremer supports. The skull geometry of nine species from Thalattosuchia, Tethysuchia and Goniopholididae was explored to test shape variation between the rostral and postrostral modules, and to visualize the differences on the secondary palate. A set of 18 landmarks was used to delimit significant anatomical features, and the skulls were isotropically scaled using Adobe Illustrator, with the longest skull (Sarcosuchus imperator) as the baseline for comparison. Results The European lineages of goniopholidids are two clades (Nannosuchus + Goniopholis) plus (Hulkepholis + Anteophthalmosuchus). The new species, Hulkepholis rori sp. nov, shares with the latter clade the following apormorphies: a long anterolateral postorbital process, postorbital process almost reaching the anterior jugal ramus, and basioccipital tubera with lateral edges turned posteriorly. Anteophthalmosuchus was found to be monophyletic, and Hulkepholis paraphyletic due to the poor preservation of H. willetti. Hulkepholis rori is distinguished by having vascular fossae and a mid-protuberance on the ventral surface of the basioccipital, and wide internal fossae in the quadrate. Among Goniopholididae differences on the secondary palate are the presence of a palatal cleft, the narrowness of the secondary choana, and a wide foramen of the median pharyngeal tube. Conclusions The new species is the earliest Hulkepholis from the Iberian Peninsula. New characters have been recognized in the organization of the palate and in the occipital region raising unexpected questions on the evolution of Goniopholididae. The set of palatal characters is discussed as part of a singular palatogenesis in Goniopholididae. The protruding occipital areas suggest that the longirostral Hulkepholis would have had an aquatic lifestyle with particular neck and skull movements.

Fast Integration of DPG Matrices Based on Sum Factorization for all the Energy Spaces

Numerical integration of the stiffness matrix in higher-order finite element (FE) methods is recognized as one of the heaviest computational tasks in an FE solver. The problem becomes even more relevant when computing the Gram matrix in the algorithm of the Discontinuous Petrov Galerkin (DPG) FE methodology. Making use of 3D tensor-product shape functions, and the concept of sum factorization, known from standard high-order FE and spectral methods, here we take advantage of this idea for the entire exact sequence of FE spaces defined on the hexahedron. The key piece to the presented algorithms is the exact sequence for the one-dimensional element, and use of hierarchical shape functions. Consistent with existing results, the presented algorithms for the integration of {H^{1}}, {H(\operatorname{curl})}, {H(\operatorname{div})}, and {L^{2}} inner products, have the {\mathcal{O}(p^{7})} computational complexity in contrast to the {\mathcal{O}(p^{9})} cost of conventional integration routines. Use of Legendre polynomials for shape functions is critical in this implementation. Three boundary value problems under different variational formulations, requiring combinations of {H^{1}}, {H(\operatorname{div})} and {H(\operatorname{curl})} test shape functions, were chosen to experimentally assess the computation time for constructing DPG element matrices, showing good correspondence with the expected rates.