Study of Chinese carbon emission trading market mechanism based on the game theory

<p>In order to provide corresponding suggestions for the establishment and development of China's carbon trading market mechanism, the three-party game model of the competent government departments, carbon emission enterprises and third-party verification institution in the initial allocation of carbon emission rights and the rotation bargaining game model in the secondary carbon trading market are solved and analyzed in this paper. The results show that the competent government departments should improve the review efficiency effectively to reduce cost by outsourcing the review work to universities, research institutes and other scientific research units and increasing punishment for the collusion behavior between the carbon emission enterprises and third-party verification institution. At the same time, the competent government departments should adopt the regular regulatory policies to deal with collusion behavior and reduce the sampling proportion to cut cost of government review. The trading center should directly determine transaction price in combination with the forces of buyers and sellers, and make matchmaking trading directly by selecting the qualified buyers and sellers at the secondary carbon trading market in process of bilateral open bidding.</p>

Axiomatic and Dynamic Results for Power Indexes under Symmetry

Symmetry exists in a multitude of phenomena in varying forms. The main aim of this article is to analyze the plausibility of the equal allocation non-separable costs, the efficient Banzhaf–Owen index and the efficient Banzhaf–Coleman index from the perspective of symmetry. First, based on the difference between “participation processes” and “allocating results”, different forms of symmetry are proposed. Next, building on these forms of symmetry, axiomatic results are put forth for the three power indexes, whereby the plausibility of the three power indexes is analyzed. Finally, on the basis of these different forms of symmetry and related axiomatic results, this article introduces different dynamic processes to analyze how an initial allocation result approaches the results derived from the three power indexes through dynamically modification.

An Analytical Approach for Initial Allocation of Discharge Permits with Consideration of the Water Environmental Capacity and Industrial Technical Feasibility

The tradable discharge permit is an efficient marketing twist to deal with negative externality of water pollution, and initial allocation discharge permits (IADP) is a tough prerequisite for a health tradable discharge permit system. However, the allocation rules focusing on both water environment quality attainment and economic-technical feasibility have not been achieved. Therefore, a three-tier analytical framework including control units, industries, and enterprises has been established for satisfying the requirements of water environment quality attainment and technical feasibility. The framework includes three calculation modules and one justification module. A case study of the framework is carried out in the Changzhou City of Taihu Lake, China. Through comparison of the results of industry IADP, the technology-based initial allocation discharge permits scheme in control unit 7 is adopted as the final initial allocation discharge permits scheme, and the reduction plan chemical industry is carried out in control unit 8; finally, the initial allocation discharge permits results after reduction are employed as the final initial allocation discharge permits scheme. This three-tier analytical framework could ensure environmental protection, equality, efficiency, and make the scheme be more acceptable for enterprise stakeholders. In addition, it could support for optimization of industrial layouts and industrial structure upgrading to some degree.

Collaborative Allocation of Energy Consumption, Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in China

Energy consumption is an important source of the emissions of CO2 and air pollutants such as SO2 and NOX. Reducing energy consumption can realize the simultaneous reduction of air pollutants and CO2 emissions to a certain extent. This study examines the collaborative allocation of energy consumption and the emissions of SO2, NOX and CO2 in China. In contrast to previous studies, this paper proposes an improved centralized DEA model that takes into account the correlation between energy consumption and air environmental emissions, the economic development demand and the energy resource endowment of different provinces. The initial allocation scheme is obtained based on the principle of equity. Then, the initial allocation results are brought into the improved centralized DEA model to maximize the expected output. The empirical analysis of projected data for 2025 shows that the looser the restrictions of energy consumption, the greater the optimal economic output. When the energy consumption of each province is allowed to fluctuate within the range of 85% to 115% of the initial quota, the total GDP is the largest and 20.62% higher than the initial GDP. The optimal allocation scheme is more equitable than the initial scheme and realizes absolute interpersonal equity and economic equity. Eighteen provinces bear the pressures of energy saving, emission reduction or GDP growth, with average pressure indexes of 11.46%, 16.85% and 40.62%, respectively. The pressures on the major regions involved in the “Belt and Road”, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Yangtze River Economic Belt national strategies will thus be reduced significantly; the maximum pressures on energy saving, emission reduction and GDP growth are 10.03%, 12.17% and 29.84%, respectively. China can take a series of measures to promote regional coordinated development and improve the realization of optimal allocation schemes, including establishing unified resource asset trading platforms, improving the methods of regional cooperation, building effective transportation and logistics transport networks to weaken the barriers among regions and implementing differentiated regional policies and regional interest coordination mechanisms.

Distinguishing between Epipactis leptochila (Narrow-lipped Helleborine), Epipactis helleborine (Broad-leaved Helleborine) and their putative hybrid, Epipactis x stephensonii at the Warburg reserve, Oxfordshire

A drought in May 2020 curtailed snail damage to a population of Epipactis leptochila (Godfrey) Godfrey (Narrow-lipped Helleborine) such that in July there were 33 flowering plants in an area well known for this species at the Warburg nature reserve in Oxfordshire (v.c.23). Despite growing in a heavily-shaded area under beech, the typical habitat of E. leptochila, some of these plants were actually E. helleborine L. (Crantz) (Broad-leaved Helleborine) based on recognized distinguishing characteristics. We took morphological measurements (19 floral characters and 10 vegetative characters) for all the flowering plants present and were able to confirm by statistical analysis our initial species identifications. We were able also to discriminate between the species reasonably accurately using leaf characters alone, such as leaf colour, leaf length to width ratios and the angle of turn of the bottom three leaves. Using the outcomes from this analysis we were able to make predictions about the identity of most of the 82 non-flowering plants present. There were 4 plants that defied clear initial allocation to one or the other species and were suspected to be the hybrid E. x stephensonii Godfrey. Statistical analysis confirmed that these plants were indeed distinguishable from either parent, and most characters were intermediate to some degree between the two. The morphology of these putative hybrids is described pending molecular confirmation of their identity.

KEBIJAKAN TRANSPARANSI DAN AKUNTABILITAS: MAMPUKAH MENCEGAH PENYELEWENGAN DANA DESA?

Transparency and accountability of village finances is a highlighted topic, because of the mistakes and potential fraud that has occurred. Whereas village finance uses the Siskeudes Version 2.0 R.0.2 application, and the village government is covered by 4 ministries, namely the Ministry of Villages, Transmigration and Development of Disadvantaged Areas (Kemendes PDTT), the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri), and the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Ministry of Communication and Information). Not to mention planning and budgeting which must now be linked to data from BPS and the Ministry of Social Affairs, due to the reallocation of the Village Fund for Direct Cash Assistance (BLT). This research is an analytical descriptive type of transparency and accountability policies from 4 ministries, with the perspective of district DPMD verification. The output is an analysis of policy convergence within the framework of good government governance, to prevent misuse of the Village Fund. As a result, the researchers concluded that the accountability regulations from the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of PDTT, and the Ministry of Finance were quite integrated. The basis is Government Regulation (PP) Number 11 of 2019 and Permendagri Number 20 of 2018. Its derivative is the Priority Regulation for the Use of Village Funds of the Ministry of Health, PDTT. The initial allocation and reallocation of BLT expenditure must also be followed by a Regent Regulation. Meanwhile, implementation and evaluation regulations are issued by the Ministry of Finance. Its integration with the Village Financial System (Siskeudes) application from Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP), and the Village Development Information System (SiPeDe) of the Ministry of PDTT is sufficient to minimize errors and potential fraud. Unfortunately, this is not supported by the transparency evaluation from the Ministry of Communication and Information.

Initial Allocation of SO2 Emission Rights Based on the Combination Weighting Method: Evidence from China’s Thermal Power Plants

Emission trading system is an effective market-oriented means to control pollutant emission and reasonable initial allocation of emission rights is the premise of its smooth implementation. However, at present, the initial allocation of emission rights depends largely on the amount of emissions, which leads to weak positive guidance effect for enterprises. So to explore the optimal initial allocation method of SO2 emission rights, this paper takes 8 thermal power plants in Dalian, China as the research objects to calculate the initial allocation of SO2 emission rights. Because SO2 is the main cause of acid rain, which is one of the most serious air pollution in China, and thermal power plants are among the main SO2-emitters. Firstly, an indicator system is established considering enterprise size, pollutant discharge and social contributions, as well as pollution control capacity. Then, the combination weighting method is developed through integrating the subjective methods G1 and G2 with the objective ones, entropy and maximum deviation. The empirical results show that the enterprises with more desulfurization equipment or large heating supply are supposed to get more emission rights; the actual emission value of SO2 in half of the enterprises exceeds the theoretical ones; SO2 removal rate, desulfurization equipment quantity and heating supply exert the most positive effects on the initial allocation of emission rights. The constructed model can be used as a reference for future research of initial allocation of other pollutants' emission rights. Also, the implications have been proposed for the government, industry, and enterprises.