Political Order and Poverty Eradication

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-494
Author(s):  
Wilson X.B. Li ◽  
◽  
Tina T. He ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Strong State ◽  
The Us ◽  
Private Market ◽  
External Assistance ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Public Versus Private

Introducing the concept of viability, this study clarifies that the key to solving the poverty problem is to provide external assistance to nonviable residents. The study then proposes a simple model and explains that 1) although private market mechanisms are efficient for economic growth, public market mechanisms mobilizing societal resources are necessary and effective for poverty eradication; and 2) strong state capacity, competent leadership, and high social trust and support will benefit poverty eradication. The concept of viability and the model was further applied to compare the war on poverty in the US and the poverty alleviation plan in China in the following aspects: background and top design, public versus private market mechanism, leadership, social trust, and achievement. In addition, a cross-country investigation was conducted to obtain preliminary empirical evidence. The findings in this study support the concept and the model, which inspired us to provide some discussions.

scholarly journals Analysis of Housing Market Dynamics Considering the Structural Characteristics of Mortgage Interest

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10523
Author(s):  
Insoo Baek ◽  
Sanghyo Lee ◽  
Joosung Lee ◽  
Jaejun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Housing Demand ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
The Government

Mortgage loan interest rates consists of base interest and spread. In general, the base interest is adjusted by the government for the sustainability of the housing market. On the other hand, spread is determined by market mechanisms. Accordingly, the change pattern of base interest and spread may appear differently depending on the market situation. In the end, the effect of the government’s market intervention through interest rate policy may be different than expected. In this respect, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of base interest and spread of the mortgage loan interest rate on the housing market and to derive important policy implications for the sustainability of the housing market. As a result of this study, the ineffectiveness of the government’s interest rate policies on the stability of the housing market was confirmed. The market mechanisms had more significant effects on the sustainability of the housing market than artificial political intervention. Further, housing supply policies based on the market mechanism could be more effective than housing demand policies based on interest-rate adjustments.

scholarly journals Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections among immunocompromised patients fully vaccinated with BNT162b2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Di Fusco ◽  
Mary M Moran ◽  
Alejandro Cane ◽  
Daniel Curcio ◽  
Farid Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Solid Malignancy ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Diagnosis Codes ◽  
The Us ◽  
Study Support

Objective: To evaluate COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections among immunocompromised (IC) individuals. Methods: Individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 were selected from the US HealthVerity database (12/10/2020-7/8/2021). COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections were examined in fully vaccinated (≥14 days after 2nd dose) IC individuals (IC cohort), 12 mutually exclusive IC condition groups, and a non-IC cohort. IC conditions were identified using an algorithm based on diagnosis codes and immunosuppressive (IS) medication usage. Results: Of 1,277,747 individuals ≥16 years of age who received 2 BNT162b2 doses, 225,796 (17.7%) were identified as IC (median age: 58 years; 56.3% female). The most prevalent IC conditions were solid malignancy (32.0%), kidney disease (19.5%), and rheumatologic/inflammatory conditions (16.7%). Among the fully vaccinated IC and non-IC cohorts, a total of 978 breakthrough infections were observed during the study period; 124 (12.7%) resulted in hospitalization and 2 (0.2%) were inpatient deaths. IC individuals accounted for 38.2% (N=374) of all breakthrough infections, 59.7% (N=74) of all hospitalizations, and 100% (N=2) of inpatient deaths. The proportion with breakthrough infections was 3 times higher in the IC cohort compared to the non-IC cohort (N=374 [0.18%] vs. N=604 [0.06%]; unadjusted incidence rates were 0.89 and 0.34 per 100 person-years, respectively. Organ transplant recipients had the highest incidence rate; those with >1 IC condition, antimetabolite usage, primary immunodeficiencies, and hematologic malignancies also had higher incidence rates compared to the overall IC cohort. Incidence rates in older (≥65 years old) IC individuals were generally higher versus younger IC individuals (<65). Limitations: This retrospective analysis relied on coding accuracy and had limited capture of COVID-19 vaccine receipt. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections are rare but are more common and severe in IC individuals. The findings from this large study support FDA authorization and CDC recommendations to offer a 3rd vaccine dose to increase protection among IC individuals.

International Market Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Ling Hsu
Keyword(s):  
International Market ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Pigouvian Tax ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Permit Trading ◽  
Pigouvian Taxes ◽  
The Social

This chapter describes the role of international market mechanisms in reducing pollution and the costs of doing so. It looks into two mechanisms established by economists John H. Dales and Arthur Cecil Pigou. Dales propounded the mechanism of ‘pollution permit-trading’ which, instead of regulating pollution on a source-by-source or emitter class-by-emitter class basis, a regulatory agency from the beginning would limit the overall amount of pollution allowed. Firms could then trade amongst themselves, effectively using the market to determine which of them should be able to pollute, how much, and when. The other market mechanism is the Pigouvian tax, which is the tax levied per unit of pollution emitted. By pricing these external costs and forcing polluters to consider them in their private calculus, Pigouvian taxes force polluters to balance the social costs and their private economic benefits of polluting.

scholarly journals Aided design of market mechanisms for electricity clusters

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1291-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kaleta
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Cluster Mechanism ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Energy Cluster

Abstract There are two pillars of sustainable development in the electricity sector: renewable energy and energy efficiency. Both can be addressed by a concept of electrical energy cluster, which is a local area power system that works towards self-balancing. In this paper, we consider the problem of designing the market mechanism for an electrical energy cluster. This task is complex and extensive with ill-defined constraints and criteria. Therefore, we propose the ARchitecture for Market Systems, a well-defined reference architecture that captures the entire design process and helps the designer to navigate through it. The contribution of the paper lies in structuring the cluster mechanism design problem through problem decomposition into several areas called views. Within this architecture, a mechanism is being designed by choosing parameters from the space of solutions, visualising the concept on different schemas, and applying simulation models for evaluation purposes. Based on our reference architecture, we also propose a decision support system (DSS) for the market designer. We prove the usefulness of the approach by implementing a part of the DSS concept and by presenting its application for exemplary cluster design processes.

Does Diversity Damage Social Capital? A Comparative Study of Neighbourhood Diversity and Social Capital in the US and Britain

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Fieldhouse ◽  
David Cutts
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Us

Abstract. A number of scholars have noted a negative relationship between ethnic diversity and social capital or social trust, especially in the US. Evidence from other countries has been more mixed and sometimes contradictory. In this paper we provide the first Anglo-American comparative analysis of the relationship between neighbourhood diversity and social capital, and show how this relationship varies across ethnic categories. We apply multilevel structural equation models to individual level data from the 2000 Citizen Benchmark Survey for the US and the 2005 Citizenship Survey for Great Britain. The findings suggest that while for attitudinal social capital among Whites the negative underlying relationship with diversity is apparent in both countries, the effect is much weaker or reversed for minority groups. For structural social capital the negative relationship is apparent for minorities but not Whites, but this is mainly attributable to other neighbourhood characteristics.Résumé. Un certain nombre d'universitaires ont noté une relation négative entre la diversité ethnique et le capital social ou la confiance sociale, surtout aux États-Unis. D'autres pays, par contre, offrent des constats plus mitigés et parfois contradictoires. Dans cet article, nous présentons la première analyse comparative anglo-américaine de la relation entre la diversité du voisinage et le capital social et nous démontrons comment cette relation varie selon les catégories ethniques. Nous appliquons des modélisations par équation structurelle à multiniveaux à des données de niveau individuel provenant du Citizen Benchmark Survey de 2000 pour les États-Unis et du Citizenship Survey de 2005 pour la Grande-Bretagne. Les résultats démontrent que si, pour le capital social attitudinal, la relation fondamentale négative avec la diversité est évidente parmi les Blancs dans les deux pays, l'effet est cependant beaucoup plus faible ou renversé pour les groupes minoritaires. En ce qui concerne le capital social structurel, la relation négative est évidente pour les minorités, mais pas pour les Blancs, mais cette situation est principalement attribuable à d'autres caractéristiques du voisinage.

scholarly journals 疫情與倫理價值——兼評范瑞平教授的＜大疫當前: 訴諸儒家文明的倫理資源＞

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Chenyang LI
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Human Survival ◽  
Strong State ◽  
Francis Fukuyama ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
High Level

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.While largely agreeing with Ruiping Fan, Chenyang Li makes three points regarding the handling of COVID-19. First, in addition to state capacity, social trust, and leadership, as identified by Francis Fukuyama, factors responsible for successful pandemic responses include the value of individual freedom upheld by citizens. A high level of individual freedom can make it difficult to implement strict measures even when they are objectively necessary. Second, a strong state can be effective in handling a pandemic, but without checks and balances it also runs the risk of leading a country into a major catastrophe. Third, Confucian ethics and other ethics can aid in coping with the pandemic. However, their efficacy is not unlimited, and ultimately, human survival overrides other concerns.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 8 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals Study on market mechanism for high penetration of renewable energy in power system in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 03065
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Chenghui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
National Market ◽  
Two Stages

This paper first introduces the current situation and background of China’s renewable energy power generation, and analyzes the difficulties of renewable energy consumption in detail. The next section mainly introduces how China’s electricity market mechanism adapted to renewable energy of high penetration. China’s electricity market mechanism is further designed based on the existing market mechanism. These market mechanisms are divided into two stages. The first stage is that the spot market has not yet been established, and the second stage is the establishment of the spot market. In both stages, the design of a market mechanism to promote renewable energy accommodation is based on the national market.

scholarly journals Pemikiran Al-Ghazali Tentang Mekanisme Pasar Dan Penetapan Harga

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Hidayatullah
Keyword(s):  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Mechanism ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Price Demand

Market, country, individual and society have always been a hot topic of economic discussion. The market is one of the economic driver in a country that has an overall success can be seen from the market mechanism that carried out. The economic real good of the country is driven by market mechanisms that uphold freedom and justice. Hence, the market is free and impartial. The operation of a market will be determined by several factors such as price, demand and supply, distribution and specialization of workers. In case those factors run according to the rules in the country, the economy in the country will be stable certainly. The market is a natural mechanism for exchanging goods and services and it has been going on since the beginning of human changes. Islam places the market in an important position in the economy. The practices during the time of Rasulullah SAW and al-Khulafa> al-Ra>shidu>n showed a large market role. Rasulullah SAW really appreciated the price that was formed by the market as a fair price. In the history of economics world, several Islamic economies have emerged that raise scientific themes about market mechanisms, such as the thought of al-Ghazali. The book Ih}ya> ‘Ulu>m al-Di>n is one of his great works and one of the major works in the Islamic library. Although there are several other works of al-Ghazali in various fields of economics but the essence of his entire essay include his discussion of economics is the book Ih}ya> ‘Ulu>m al-Di>n. It provides features and characteristics of Islam in various sciences (moral, tas}awwuf, economic and other), be one source of economics. Al-Ghazali, an Islamic scholar has socio-economics thought, rooted in a concept called “the socioeconomic welfare function”. The concept based of all his works is the concept of mas}lah}ah or social welfare, which is the concept that covers all human activities and makes close relations between individual and society. Keywords: al-Ghazali thinking, market mechanism, price determination

scholarly journals Mekanisme Pasar Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yenni Samri Juliati Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Important Position

The market is a mechanism for the exchange of goods and services that nature. The market price is formed by a variety of factors which later formed the demand and supply of goods and services. Consumer demand is influenced by many factors, such as price, consumer income, tastes, expectations and level <em>mashlahah</em>. Quote manufacturers also influenced by many factors, such as<em> mashlahah</em>, profits, and prices. Interaction of supply and demand will establish the balance point can be changed from the demand side or the supply, either due to the deviation of structured and unstructured deviation. Perfectly competitive market can generate a fair price for the seller and the buyer. Therefore, if the market mechanism is interrupted, then the fair price will not be achieved. Islam puts the market at an important position in the economy. And very concerned about the concept of a fair price and perfect market mechanism. So, the role of government is very important to better ensure the activities of market mechanisms as perfect as taking a policy of price intervention that is based on justice.

US prison population will increase under Trump

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prison Population ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Private Prisons ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Us ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Incarcerated Population

Subject Politics of the US criminal justice system. Significance On February 23, Attorney General Jeff Sessions rescinded a memorandum issued by his predecessor aimed at phasing out Department of Justice contracts with companies for operating private prisons. Stocks of these companies rose following President Donald Trump's November 2016 election win, and his administration is pursuing policies that will increase the size of the incarcerated population. Impacts Election-driven pressures to cut costs will dissuade officeholders from funding recidivism-reducing education and job programmes. Lack of competition in the private prison sector will undercut market mechanisms for better service delivery at lower cost. Voters are likely to focus on memorable high-profile crimes when establishing policy preferences rather than overall statistical declines. Conservatives are more likely to overestimate crime trends than liberals, which will limit political dividends for pro-reform Republicans. Federal detention of gang members and deportation to their countries of origin could consolidate transnational criminal networks.

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