Application of Taguchi Method for Optimization Cadmium Separation by Emulsion Liquid Membrane

A study was carried out to remove cadmium ions from a hydrochloric medium at a concentration of 100 ppm using the emulsified liquid membrane (ELM) technique. Emphasis was placed on assessing process parameters and their effect on changing the concentration of cadmium ions in the hydrochloric solution. To study the performance characteristics of the process, Taguchi method was used with analyzing of signal/noise ratio. Five parameters that affect performance such as (pH of the external phase (1-4), surfactant concentration in the organic layer (4% -10% v / v), carrier concentration in the organic layer (4% -10% v / v), speed of Emulsification (5800-24000) rpm and emulsion volume ratio / outer phase ratio (Eml./Ext ratio) was studied, taking into account the change in the concentration of cadmium ions in the external phase. To obtain the lowest concentration of cadmium ions in the external stage, the values ​​of the optimum parameters were: pH = 3, Surfactant conc. = 4%, Carrier conc. = 8% emulsification speed = 19700 rpm, and Eml./Ext. ratio = 18%. Results of the present work suggested that Eml./Ext. ratio had a major effect on the concentration change, followed by a pH in the outer phase, the emulsification velocity, carrier concentration, and the surfactant concentration respectively.

Cooling Process of Gas Turbine Blade: A Comparison Study

The gas turbine engines are occupied an important sector in the energy production and aviation industry and this important increase day after day for their features. One of the most important parameters that limit the gas turbine engine power output is the turbine inlet temperature. The higher is the turbine inlet temperature, the higher is the power output or thrust but this increases of risks of blade thermal failure due to metallurgical limits. Thus the need for a good and efficient process of blade cooling can lead to the best compromise between a powerful engine and safe operation. There are two major methods: film or external cooling and internal cooling inside the blade itself. . In the past number of years there has been considerable progress in turbine cooling research and this paper is limited to review a few selected publications to reflect recent development in turbine blade film cooling. The maximum drop in the surface temperature of the gas turbine blade and associated thermal stress – due to incorporating cooling systems- were 735 ˚C, 1217 N/mm2 respectively.

Use of cement kiln dust to remove copper from simulated wastewater using the Response surface methodology

Copper removal from simulated wastewater was achieved using Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as adsorbent. The effects of contact time, pH, initial copper ion concentration, rotational speed, and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) amount were studied. The best operating conditions were determined by applying a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the copper concentration has the main effect on the efficiency of copper removal followed by time, shaking rate, dosage of cement kiln dust, and pH. The best operating conditions were found to have a pH value of 8, contact time 90 minutes, shaking rate of 300 rpm, copper ion concentration 20 ppm, and a quantity of CKD equivalent to 35 g / l. Based on this optimum condition, 99 % of the efficiency of copper removal was achieved.

ADA Solve the Cubic Equation in a New Method with Engineering Application

Up to date the cubic equation or matrix tensor is consisting of nine values ​​such as stress tensor that turns into the cubic equation which has been used for solving classic method. This is to impose an initial root several times to get it when achieves the equation and any other party is zero. Then dividing the cubic equation on the equation of the root. After that dividing the cubic equation on the equation of the root and using the classical method to find the rest of the roots. This is a very difficult issue, especially if the roots are secret or large for those who are looking in a difficult field or even for those who are in the examination room. In this research, two equations were reached, one that calculates the angle and the other that calculates the three roots at high accuracy without any significant error rate. By taking advantage of the traditional method, not by imposing a value to get the root of that equation, but by imposing an equation to get the solution equation that gives the value of that root. After imposing that equation, the general equation was derived from which that calculated the three roots directly and without any attempts. The angle that was implicitly derived during the derive of the main equation is calculated by taking advantage of the constants that do not change (invariants) for the matrix tensor (T).

Simultaneous Extraction of Lead, Copper, and Cadmium from Aqueous Solution using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Technique

A simultaneous extraction study of lead, copper, and cadmium from diluted aqueous solution through Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) technique was conducted and extensive investigations of the impact of the pH of the feed phase, homogenizer speed, surfactant (Span 80) and carrier (D2EHPA) concentrations, and ratio of external to membrane phase on the system stability (breakage) and removal efficiencies of Pb2+, Cu2+,Cd2+ ions were experimentally carried out. Kerosene was used as the membrane and stabilized by Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) as the emulsifier. Bis-2-Ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as an extractant and H2SO4 as a reagent (internal phase) were utilized. Lead, Copper, and Cadmium extraction efficiencies of 100%, 100%, and 98% were obtained respectively under specific operating conditions. The emulsion stability of the system was studied, and breakage of 1.8% under the best operating condition was obtained. High reagent (H2SO4) concentration (0.5 M) maintained the simultaneous extraction of the three heavy metals (lead, copper, and cadmium) and minimizes the probable interaction and competing mechanism between them in the extraction stage.

Effect of filling steel tube chords by concrete on the structural behaviour of composite truss girders

In this study, three specimens of Warren truss girders composite with concrete deck slab were tested experimentally under a central monotonic load to study the effect of the existence of concrete inside the chords. The load capacity, deflection, slip between the concrete slab and steel tube, and failure modes were reported. Both chords were filled with concrete to the first specimen, only the lower chord was filled with concrete and the upper chord remained hollow to the second specimen and both chords were kept hollow in the third specimen. The result indicated that the existence of concrete inside the chords has a significant effect on the load capacity, failure pattern, and the slip. The steel tubes of the upper chord filled by concrete prevent surface plasticity failure of the upper chord under loading and increase the ultimate load by 6.68 %. Also, filling the lower chord with concrete prevents the surface plasticity failure in the supports zone and caused an increase in the ultimate load by 39.59 %. The slip at the end of the specimen of two chords filled with concrete is less by 71% than the end slip of specimen of hollow top chord and higher by 46.8 % than the specimen of two hollow chords.

Support Vector Machine (SVM) for Colorization the Grayscale Image

Recently, there have been several automatic approaches to color grayscale images, which depend on the internal features of the grayscale images. There are several scales which are considered as a prominent key to extract the corresponding chromatic value of the gray level. In this aspect, colorizing methods that rely on automatic algorithms are still under investigation, especially after the development of neural networks used to recognize the features of images. This paper develops a new model to obtain a color image from an original grayscale image through the use of the Support Vector Machine to recognize the features of grayscale images which are extracted from two stages: the first stage is Haar Discrete Wavelets Transform used to configure the vector that combines with six of Statistical Measurements: (Mean, Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis, Energy and Standard Deviation) extracts from the grayscales image in the second stage. After the Support Vector Machine recognition has been done, the colorization process uses the result of Support Vector Machine to recover the color to greyscale images by using YCbCr color system then it converts the color to default color system (RGB) to be more clear. The proposed model will be able to move away from relying on the user to identify the source image which matches in color levels and it exceeds the network determinants of image types with similar color levels. In addition, Support Vector Machine is considered to be more reliable than neural networks in classification algorithms. The model performance is evaluated by using the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) in measuring the success of the assumed modal of matching the coloring (resulting) images and the original color images. So, a reality-related result has been obtained at a good rate for all the tested images. This model has proved to be successful in the process of recognizing the chromatic values of greyscale images then retrieving it. It takes less time complexity in trained data, and it isn’t complex in working.

Improving the thermal performance of electrical transformers using hybrid mixture of (transformer oil, nanoparticles, and PCM)

In this paper, an experimental electrical distribution transformer was studied and a new technique was proposed to improve the performance of a new mixed cooling consisting of pure transformer oil, paraffin wax and nanoparticles. The experiment was carried out on a small transformer that was done by taking a model with dimensions (15 * 10 * 10) cm to facilitate calculations. Paraffin wax absorbs the heat generated in the transformer due to the smelting process that can be used to cool electrical appliances. Nanoparticles have good thermal properties and lead to increased oil insulation to thermal improvements in transformer oil with dispersal of solid nanoparticles and their effects on transformer cooling. Three types of solid nanoparticles were used in this experiment (Al2O3, TiO2, and Sic) with a different volume concentration (1%, 3%, and 5%) and 4% paraffin wax as a certified added percentage for each process. The obtained results showed that when mixing paraffin wax and solid nanoparticles with transformer oil, the transformer cooling performance is improved by reducing the temperature. The best selected nanoparticles were found to be Sic and the reason for this is that Sic has a higher thermal conductivity compared to (Al2O3 and TiO2). The proposed hybrid oil reduces the temperature by 10 ° C (in the case of PCM and Sic) and it is possible to improve the cooling performance of electrical transformers.

Effect of Operating Conditions on Removal Heavy and Radioactive Elements by Reverse Osmosis Membrane

The major goal of the presented study has been studying the reverse osmosis (RO) characteristics for (Ni, Fe, Pb, Ca, Cu, K, U, and Th) removal from aqueous solution. This was done by examining the impact related to temperature and pressure on the performance regarding the RO membrane in the removal of elements with time. Three temperatures (25,35 and 45 oC) and various pressures such as (2,4 and 6) bars were used in this work. It was found that, as the pressure increase, the flux permitted and rejection of elements are increased. The temperature increases the flux permitted while the rejection of elements was steady-state almost with the increase in temperature for all heavy and radioactive elements. It also shows that these a steady-state has stopped after 35 ºC and rejection start to decrease.

Shape Grammar Strategies for Representing the Built Heritage

Traditional architecture style represents the evolutionary style and experienced characteristics of an urban environment that give a sense of place and identity. This style includes a mixture of technical and cognitive values that are difficult to conserve compared to other material resources. The process of organizing and classifying the architectural elements of these constructions in a virtual digital manner is one of the means of preventive conservation of the built heritage. Many international experiments have employed the shape grammar in analyzing the structure of the historic elements because of its ability to combine the dimensional and morphological values, to classify them into a variety of categories with common characteristics according to the local architectural language. The study seeks to determine the approaches of the shape grammar to derive the rules and its relationships that used in the virtual reconstruction according to the traditional architectural principles, and highlighting the digital applications and software that deals with the shape grammar in this field. The methodology of this study adopted the analysis of studies that employed the shape grammar in the built heritage domain to determine the potential of these systems, to be presented as a documentation procedure for information management of built heritage.