scholarly journals The first period of double interstate military conflict on the African horn (1960-1977)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Andrii Pospielov
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the first period of the interstate military conflict in the Horn of Africa. The events of 1960-1977 are revealed. In two conflict zones. On the one hand, the buildup and manifestation of an interstate military-political confrontation between Ethiopia and the Republic of Somalia, and on the other hand, aspects of the emergence of an intrastate military conflict in Ethiopia itself related to the Eritrean issue are analyzed. Moreover, it is noted that the province of the Ethiopian Empire, and since 1974 the Republic of Eritrea, de facto was not so much an internal structure of the indicated state as a semi-legal state, fought for its independence. This process was provoked in 1945-1959. Great Britain, Italy and the UN. These world players created a situation of the unification of British and Italian Somalia into a single state - the Republic of Somalia, depriving it after the creation of those territories that were inhabited by related tribes. Thus, Western countries pushed Somalia to search for ways to unite with the territories of Ogaden and Kenya exclusively by military means. And Somalia, which was experiencing the shortcomings of all Somalia, was forced to seek a partner who would provide official Mogadishu with the means of warfare, against the background of constant help not to her, but exclusively to neighboring Ethiopia. That is why the Republic of Somalia has become an exclusively Soviet ally since the late 1960s. An example of the creation of a single Republic of Somalia and an attempt to have Western countries as an ally, and after 1974 the countries of socialism, the maritime power of Ethiopia, actually created a complex of double interstate conflict in this region of East Africa. It was in him that the status of Somalia as a country without related territories and Eritrea as the usual province of Ethiopia was fixed, which did not suit their peoples and leaders.

scholarly journals Rhodesia and the United Nations: The Lawfulness of International Concern

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mybes S. McDougal ◽  
W. Michael Reisman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
South Central ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
White Settlers

Locked in south central Africa by Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana and the Republic of South Africa, Rhodesia comprises a land mass of over 150,000 square miles and a population of about four million blacks and 220,000 whites. From 1889 until 1922 the area was administered by a chartered company formed by Cecil Rhodes. In 1922 the white settlers opted for the status of a self-governing colony, and in 1923 Southern Rhodesia was annexed by Great Britain. In 1953 it joined, with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland in a federation, still under the United Kingdom; the venture proved unsuccessful and was terminated in 1963.

On the public fight against cancer

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 712-713
Author(s):  
P. M. Krasin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Fight Against Cancer

This brief report is prompted, on the one hand, by the desire to arouse interest in the latest achievements of oncology, on the other, by the desire to promote the creation of an organization in the Republic of Tatarstan to study and combat cancer.

The Photographic Presentation of South Africa, 1874 and 1923

Itinerario ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Robert Ross
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Single Person ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
White Minority

What is, and was, South Africa? This is clearly not a question which has a single answer, nor has it ever had one. On the one hand, there is a constitutional answer. In these terms, South Africa did not exist before the creation of the Union in 1910 and since then has been the state created then, transformed into the Republic of South Africa in 1961 and transformed once again with the ending of white minority rule in 1994. On the other hand, there are innumerable answers, effectively those to be found in the minds of all South Africans, and indeed all those foreigners who have an opinion about the country. Nevertheless, these opinions are not random. Clearly, there are regularities to be found within them, such that it is possible, in principle, to describe at the very least the range of answers to this question which were held within particular groups of the population, either within the country or outside it, and also to use specific sources, emanating from a single person, or group of individuals, as exemplary of the visions held by a far wider group.

scholarly journals ONE BELT-ONE WAY PROJECT AND FREE ECONOMIC ZONES AS TOOLS TO REALIZE THE "CHINESE DREAM"

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Arzykulov ◽  
◽  
N. Sharypkazy ◽  
A. R. Orazbekova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Dream ◽  
The Chinese Dream ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Just Right

In the article, the authors salute the promotion of the project "One Belt-One Way" and the creation of free economic zones along it as one of the opportunities to implement the policy "Chinese Dream" promoted by the PRC. The huge expanses and potentials covered by the One Belt-One Way strategy can be just right for this purpose. Free economic zones created along the new route will be very beneficial to the Chinese economy, will also serve to promote Chinese "soft power." The authors also analyze the effects and risks of this event on neighboring regions, especially on the Republic of Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals Geopolitics as an “Arbitrator” in the Economic Competition of Trans-Baikal Cities (Mid 19th - Early 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-299
Author(s):  
Lilia Kalmina
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Far East ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the economic rivalry of two Trans-Baikal cities, such as the chief town of the district Verkhneudinsk and the regional town Chita, for the leadership in the region which began with the foundation of the Trans-Baikal region and the appointment of Chita as its capital. Unspoken competition was manifested in determining the status and role in the Trans-Baikal economic area, the place in the regional market system, and the development of banking and railway infrastructure. Despite the fact that Verkhneudinsk had better starting opportunities (a higher level of economic and cultural development), it was almost always in the role of the one which catches up. The status of the administrative center of the Trans-Baikal Region gave Chita the opportunity to «work ahead of the curve». However, the victory in the final round of the competition remained with the chief town of the district, which, however, did not manage to take advantage of its fruits. The author's task is to reconstruct the stages of this peculiar competition and determine the factors that influenced its outcome. The analysis of the sources, first of all, the documents of the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia, allowed to make the conclusion that the decisions made by the imperial center in relation to both cities were based on the geopolitical factor. It was the task of strengthening Russian influence in the Far East that dictated the deployment of infrastructure facilities in Trans-Baikal cities, which increased their economic status.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL PERSONS IN R. OF MACEDONIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1952
Author(s):  
Alban Kadriu
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

Otherwise the subject of justice of a person with whom a person earns from his birth, a legal person is a product of the written law. In general, a legal entity is usually an organization that has ownership, economic activity, operational management, property and liability of its obligations with that property. Legal persons have their own will, their property they own and are responsible for their actions, which allows not being confused with the property of the people who founded it, nor of the will of all the people who work in it. Legal persons have an important role in everyday life. They are present and active in every field, because the legal system recognizes them as subjects of law.As an artificial creation created by law, a legal person also serves to create different collective goals and interests in society. However, it is important to note that all organizations, associations, institutions, etc., which exist today in the Republic of Macedonia, which have the property and organization of people working there, are not considered as legal entities. For this, the organization, company or the status of a legal person or the same should be foreseen in the state legal order. Criminal law in a country must, above all, serve the citizens, namely to assure their personal security and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, with proper functioning and due respect, above all of state bodies, but also of others. to enable citizens a peaceful life on the one hand, and on the other hand, the state will provide opportunities and a range of tools for maintaining the peace and well-being of citizens.From this we can conclude that if the offense is committed outside of the authority given to a natural person in this case the legal person can not be held responsible, but if the same case and despite being carried out outside the authorization is carried out in favor of the person legal entity in this case the legal person appears as an accomplice in the crime and to decide on his responsibility is the sufficient fact that the benefits he takes for himself or shares with his bailiff, noting the fact that the legal person and the person in charge of the person are collaborators of crime.From the criminal liability, the only excluded is the country by simple reason which would be illogical or with other words the state only accounts for themselves and their actions, while local governments are responsible only for offenses committed outside their public powers.

scholarly journals ARMENIA: AN UNEASY CHOICE BETWEEN RUSSIA'S NEW INITIATIVES AND THE EU EASTERN PARTNERSHIP

2014 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
M. Y. Vardazaryan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Factor ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Strategic Cooperation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

The article studies the problems of foreign policy orientations of the Republic of Armenia, first of all those concerning "Russian" and "European" integration processes. Particularly, the main stages and peculiarities of Armenia's cooperation with the EU are presented. The author reflects upon the issue of the essence of the status and perspectives of associated membership in the EU. Revealing the difficulties within the EU and on the CIS territory, the author analyzes the capabilities of Armenia to combine, on the one hand, economic integration with the West and, on the other, military-political integration with the East. The article identifies the reasons of "freezing" Armenian-Russian relations in early 2013. Examining the perspectives of the Association Agreement with the EU and of membership in the Customs Union and taking into account the complex geopolitical situation in the region, analyzing all the facets of Armenia's economic and political collaboration both with the EU and RF, the author comes to the conclusion that Yerevan's choice of September 35 3,2013 is expedient and justified. Deepened strategic cooperation with Moscow, first of all, provides military and energy security of Armenia, although the economic factor shouldn't be underestimated. The author draws attention to the fact that Armenia's involvement in the Customs Union avails it the opportunity to keep collaborating with the European Union, however, from a more powerful position, which we have already witnessed through the alterations in the tone of some European officials.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL POTENTIAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE AS A RESULT OF THE TEMPORARY OCCUPATION OF PART OF THE TERRITORY OF DONETSK AND LUHANSK REGIONS, ANNEXATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Oksana Zakharova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
The Status ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military ◽  
Educational Potential

In 2014, as a result of the military conflict in the East of Ukraine and the annexation of the Republic of Crimea, a new phenomenon has emerged in the country’s educational space – the movement of higher educational institutions from the occupied territories to areas controlled by the Ukrainian authorities. This process was accompanied by a number of psychological, social, economic, intellectual, property and legal problems. The greatest negative influence of the listed reasons is experienced by the scientific and pedagogical workers of the displaced higher educational institutions. The purpose of the article is to study the number of losses incurred by displaced institutions of higher education and the contribution that scientific and pedagogical workers with the status of internally displaced persons add to the scientific and educational potential of Ukraine due to the temporary occupation of a part of the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the annexation of the Republic of Crimea. The main research methods were questionnaires, systematization and generalization of information. The article concretizes the problems of displaced higher educational institutions of Ukraine due to the temporary occupation of a part of the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the annexation of the Republic of Crimea: loss of teaching staff; lack of basic funds and documentation for previous years of work; difficulties of various kinds in the organization of the educational process; declining living standards and quality of life of scientific and pedagogical workers. An expert assessment of the possible loss of the scientific and educational potential of the displaced higher educational institutions due to the military conflict was carried out by questioning the scientific and pedagogical workers who quit after the moment of evacuation. The contribution of internally displaced scientific and pedagogical workers to the results of the activities of the higher education institutions in which they work is evaluated. This assessment was carried out based on the results of a questionnaire survey of scientific and pedagogical workers with the status of internally displaced persons.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the language situation in Belarus and the Belarusian language in the world in the context of the “one belt and one way” initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-199
Author(s):  
Yuqin Pan ◽  
A. A. Lukashanets
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
World Language ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
World Languages ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

This paper focuses on the impact of globalization on dynamics of language situations and national language functions in today’s world. The results obtained propose that the definition of modern language situation in the Republic of Belarus should be expanded as endogenous/exogenous closely related state Belarusian-Russian bilingualism (balanced in legal terms and unbalanced, unequal in functional and communicative terms), complicated by the languages of national minorities and national diasporas, and significant expansion of the presence of world languages in the Belarusian national language space. This paper shows the characteristics of language situation in Belarus and the status of Belarusian in the general Slavic background. Taking the language situation of the Republic of Belarus and the Belarusian language as an example, this paper illustrates the impact of the largest international megaproject “one belt and one way” on the dynamics of the language situations, connecting the national languages of Belarus and China into the world language space.

Old Age

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-206
Author(s):  
Nina Macaraig
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Old Age ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
World Fairs ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

This chapter describes how the hamam began to show signs of aging. This included a redefinition of its economic family relations, as it became a burden to the endowment and was rented out according to a practice that approximated the status of renters to that of owners. Furthermore, old age now meant that after a disastrous fire in 1865 novel city planning practices assigned less value to the sixteenth-century structure and allowed the monument to be mutilated for the sake of building a European-style boulevard wide enough for tramway traffic. At the same time, the hamam took on a new identity as an emblem of Ottoman cultural heritage to be displayed at nineteenth-century world fairs and exhibitions which required each nation to represent itself by easily recognizable architectural icons. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, this split identity continued: on the one hand, hamams constituted an old, redundant institution standing for the Ottoman Empire and lifestyle, resulting in neglect and destruction; on the other hand, they were part of the cultural heritage that every nation-state needs to legitimise itself. Nevertheless, the Çemberlitaş Hamamı managed to survive for practical reasons, as it still provided hygiene and entertainment.

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