Birth weight, birth order, and age at first solid food introduction influence child growth and body composition in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old Maya children: The importance of the first 1000 days of life

Abstract Objective: We aimed at evaluating the association of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status with offspring anthropometry and body composition. We also evaluated whether these associations were modified by gender, diet and physical activity and mediated by birth weight. Design: Birth cohort study. Setting: Waist circumference was measured with an inextensible tape, and fat and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for possible confounders and allele score of BMI. We carried out mediation analysis using G-formula. Participants: In 1982, 1993 and 2004, all maternity hospitals in Pelotas (South Brazil) were visited daily and all live births whose families lived in the urban area of the city were evaluated. These subjects have been followed up at different ages. Results: Offspring of obese mothers had on average higher BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index than those of normal weight mothers, and these differences were higher among daughters. The magnitudes of the association were similar in the cohorts, except for height, where the association pattern was not clear. In the 1982 cohort, further adjustment for a BMI allele score had no material influence on the magnitude of the associations. Mediation analyses showed that birth weight captured part of this association. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status is positively associated with offspring BMI and adiposity in offspring. And this association is higher among daughters whose mother was overweight or obese and, birth weight explains part of this association.

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Birth order and birth weight in the chimpanzee

American Journal of Physical Anthropology ◽

10.1002/ajpa.1330100116 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 23-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

James A. Gavan

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Birth Order

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Tracking of Body Composition Variables

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.80.5.779 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 80 (5) ◽

pp. 779-783

Author(s):

David W. Harsha ◽

Carey G. Smoak ◽

Theresa A. Nicklas ◽

Larry S. Webber ◽

Gerald S. Berenson

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Early Detection ◽

Significant Degree ◽

Anthropometric Variable ◽

Skinfold Measurements ◽

Growth Abnormalities

Height, weight, and skinfold measurements were obtained on a cohort of 447 children from birth (weight) or 6 months of age (height and skinfold) and monitored yearly thereafter until 7 years of age. At age 7 years, 250 remained for follow-up screening. A significant degree of tracking was found for all variables from age 1 to age 7 years. Height and weight tracked most strongly (age 1- to 7-year correlations = .42 and .44, respectively), whereas skinfold tracked somewhat lower (.28). Earlier levels of each anthropometric variable were the best predictor of later levels of that parameter. Implications for early detection and treatment of growth abnormalities are discussed.

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PSIII-2 Effect of Piglet Characteristics on Blood Glucose Levels at Birth

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 154-155

Author(s):

Rafael Ovidio Bautista Rivas ◽

Naomi C Willard ◽

Katherine D Vande Pol ◽

Jenny R Morris ◽

Alicia Olivo Espinal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Birth Order ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Limited Mobility ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract Blood glucose levels in piglets at birth are potentially associated with survival, however, there has been limited research to quantify these and to establish any associations with piglet characteristics. This study, which evaluated the effects of a number of piglet characteristics on blood glucose levels at birth, was conducted as a cross-sectional survey involving 32 litters. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a sub-sample of litter. At birth, piglets were weighed and assigned a vitality score [1 = high vitality; 2 = low vitality (limited mobility and/or respiration)]. Piglets were then dried with a cellulose-based desiccant, and blood samples were collected from half of the piglets in each litter with a vitality score of 1 (n = 226) and all piglets with a vitality score of 2 (n = 7). Samples (1.2 μL) were collected from the vena subcutanea abdominis; blood glucose was measured using a glucometer (Accuchek Aviva; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Indianapolis, IN). Effects of piglet characteristics and relationships with blood glucose levels were analyzed using PROC MIXED, PROC GLIMMIX, and PROC REG of SAS, as appropriate. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of piglet birth weight or gender on blood glucose levels. Piglets with a vitality score of 2 had higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose levels than those with a score of 1. Blood glucose levels increased linearly (P < 0.05) with birth order (0.8 mg/dL for each piglet increase). In conclusion, blood glucose levels at birth were higher for piglets with low compared to high vitality and for those born later in the birth order. Further research is needed to establish relationships between blood glucose levels in piglets at birth and subsequent survival.

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Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age

Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2017-314547 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. F242-F247 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chonnikant Visuthranukul ◽

Steven A Abrams ◽

Keli M Hawthorne ◽

Joseph L Hagan ◽

Amy B Hair

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Body Composition ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Human Milk ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Metabolic Outcomes ◽

Catch Up

ObjectiveTo compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit.DesignPremature infants (birth weight ≤1250 g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12–15 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18–22 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsOf 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25±1.10 vs −0.21±0.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0±3.7 vs 17.3±15.1 µU/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1±0.9 vs 4.3±4.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity.ConclusionsSGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with ≤1250 g birth weight, specifically SGA.

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