Birth order and birth weight in the chimpanzee

1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Gavan
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order

PSIII-2 Effect of Piglet Characteristics on Blood Glucose Levels at Birth

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
Rafael Ovidio Bautista Rivas ◽  
Naomi C Willard ◽  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Jenny R Morris ◽  
Alicia Olivo Espinal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract Blood glucose levels in piglets at birth are potentially associated with survival, however, there has been limited research to quantify these and to establish any associations with piglet characteristics. This study, which evaluated the effects of a number of piglet characteristics on blood glucose levels at birth, was conducted as a cross-sectional survey involving 32 litters. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a sub-sample of litter. At birth, piglets were weighed and assigned a vitality score [1 = high vitality; 2 = low vitality (limited mobility and/or respiration)]. Piglets were then dried with a cellulose-based desiccant, and blood samples were collected from half of the piglets in each litter with a vitality score of 1 (n = 226) and all piglets with a vitality score of 2 (n = 7). Samples (1.2 μL) were collected from the vena subcutanea abdominis; blood glucose was measured using a glucometer (Accuchek Aviva; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Indianapolis, IN). Effects of piglet characteristics and relationships with blood glucose levels were analyzed using PROC MIXED, PROC GLIMMIX, and PROC REG of SAS, as appropriate. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of piglet birth weight or gender on blood glucose levels. Piglets with a vitality score of 2 had higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose levels than those with a score of 1. Blood glucose levels increased linearly (P < 0.05) with birth order (0.8 mg/dL for each piglet increase). In conclusion, blood glucose levels at birth were higher for piglets with low compared to high vitality and for those born later in the birth order. Further research is needed to establish relationships between blood glucose levels in piglets at birth and subsequent survival.

scholarly journals Twin Birth Order, Birthweight and Birthweight Discordance: Any Relationship?

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Alphonsus N Onyiriuka
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Twin Pair ◽  
Twin Birth ◽  
Common Concept ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Twin ◽  
Discordant Twin

Aim: To assess the truthfulness of this common concept that first-born twins are usually heavier than their second-born siblings at birth. Methods: In a series of 104 sets of live-born twins, the birth weights of first-born twins were compared with those of their second-born siblings, after controlling for gender. Their intra-pair birthweight differences were determined and twin pairs whose birthweight difference was 15% or more were designated as discordant. Results: Twin I was heavier than Twin II in 61.5% of cases while Twin II was heavier than Twin I in 28.9% of cases. Twins I and II had equal birth weight in 9.6% of cases. Comparing the mean birthweight of the first-born-male twin with that of second-born- male twin, it was 2515 + 427g [95 % Confidence Interval, CI = 2402 - 2628) versus 2432 + 435g (95% C I = 2321 - 2543) p>0.05. The mean birthweight of first-born-female twin was 2326 + 445g (95% CI =2214 - 2439) while that of the second-born-female twin was 2325 + 501g (95% CI = 2197 - 2453) p>0.05. When the birthweight difference exceeded 750g, the probability that Twin I will be heavier than Twin II was 83.3% (5 of 6). Conclusion: Although the first-born twin was more often heavier than their second-born siblings, either could weigh more or less at birth. The larger the birthweight difference between growth-discordant twin pair, the greater the probability that the heavier twin would be delivered first. Keywords: Birth order relative birth weights, birthweight discordance, twins DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v6i1.5252 NJOG 2011; 6(1): 46-50

scholarly journals Immunocrit, colostrum intake, and preweaning body weight gain in piglets after split suckling based on birth weight or birth order1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1460-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi M Morton ◽  
Austin J Langemeier ◽  
Theresa J Rathbun ◽  
Duane L Davis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Improve Access ◽  
Preweaning Period

Abstract Preweaning survival and growth are compromised in litters with larger numbers of piglets. We evaluated two approaches for altering initial nursing with the goal to improve access to colostrum by groups of piglets that are known to have reduced access to colostrum. Therefore, we temporarily (1.5 h) removed either the heaviest six piglets in the litter (WT) or the first half of the piglets born (ORD) to provide a short period of nursing with reduced competition for the remaining piglets. We found that WT piglets were heavier (P ≤ 0.05) at 7 d after farrowing and gained more body weight (BW) from farrowing to day 7 than control (CON) piglets which were raised in litters with ad libitum nursing during the same period. Further, we found that the heaviest piglets consumed more (P < 0.001) colostrum and gained more (P < 0.001) BW during the preweaning period but did not have (P > 0.10) greater immunocrits. Although ORD piglets had similar colostrum intake, immunocrits, and preweaning weights as controls, we found that overall the piglets born in the first half of litters had greater (P < 0.01) immunocrits than piglets born in the last half of the litter. Therefore, both birth weight and birth order have effects on traits that are important for prenatal growth and survival, but they differ in that birth weight is more closely related to colostrum intake and birth order affects immunocrit.

scholarly journals Associations between piglet umbilical blood hematological criteria, birth order, birth interval, colostrum intake, and piglet survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiah M Gourley ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Umbilical Cords ◽  
Piglet Survival

Abstract A total of 656 pigs (623 live-born and 33 stillborn) from 43 sows were used to evaluate hematological criteria at birth and their association with piglet survival. At birth of each piglet, birth time and order within the litter, weight, umbilical cord status (intact or ruptured) and whether the pig was live-born or stillborn were recorded. A 200µL sample of blood from the umbilical cord was collected and immediately analyzed for concentrations of glucose, oxygen partial pressure (pO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), pH, base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3), saturated oxygen (sO2), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), sodium, potassium, ionized calcium (iCa), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) on a hand held iStat portable clinical analyzer (iStat Alinity, Abbott Point of Care Inc., Princeton, NJ). Piglets were categorized into quartiles based on birth order and cumulative birth interval (CumBI). Live-born pigs had higher (P < 0.01) umbilical cord blood pH, HCO3, BE, sO2, TCO2, and birth weight compared with stillborn pigs, but lower (P < 0.01) pCO2, K, iCa, and glucose compared with stillborn pigs. Pigs with intact umbilical cords at birth were associated with higher (P < 0.01) blood pH, HCO3, BE, and TCO2 compared with piglets born with a ruptured umbilical cord. Pigs with intact umbilical cords were associated with lower (P < 0.01) Hct and Hb concentrations and born earlier (P < 0.01) in the birth order compared with pigs born with a ruptured umbilical cord. Pigs that did not survive to weaning had lower (P < 0.01) umbilical cord blood pH, HCO3, BE, sO2, TCO2, Na, glucose, and birth weight, and 24 hr weight compared with pigs alive at weaning. Pigs born in the first quartile for CumBI had higher (P <0.05) pH compared with pigs in the other three quartiles. Umbilical cord blood HCO3, BE, and TCO2 decreased (P <0.05) with each change in CumBI quartile from first to last. Blood glucose was lowest (P <0.05) in pigs born before 44 min and highest in pigs born after 164 min. Umbilical cord blood pH, HCO3, BE, TCO2, Na, glucose, Hct, and Hb were positively associated (P <0.001) with colostrum intake, indicating increased blood values resulted in higher colostrum intake. Although a pig may be live-born, their survival to 24 hr and to weaning is reduced when blood pH, HCO3, BE, and sO2 are lower reiterating the importance of management practices that can reduce the birth interval between pigs and the number of pigs experiencing moderate to severe hypoxia.

scholarly journals New birth weight reference standards customised to birth order and sex of babies from South India

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Velusamy Saravana Kumar ◽  
Lakshmanan Jeyaseelan ◽  
Tunny Sebastian ◽  
Annie Regi ◽  
Jiji Mathew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
South India ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
New Birth

Within-litter variation in the performance of piglets to three weeks of age

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Hemsworth ◽  
C. G. Winfield ◽  
P. D. Mullaney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Individual Behaviour ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYIn a series of observations the association between within-litter variation in growth performance of piglets to 3 weeks of age and other parameters was examined in 28 litters. Growth rate was correlated significantly with birth weight and milk intake of the piglet. Birth order and location of the preferred teat did not influence significantly the milk intake or growth performance. In a second series of observations the individual behaviour of the piglets immediately after birth was examined in relation to the within-litter variation in growth performance to 3 weeks of age in three litters. The amount of time that each teat was sucked during the period of continuous suckle was positively correlated with the growth performance of the piglet which preferred the teat at day 21 of lactation.

Factors determining child mortality in Uganda

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Kaberuka ◽  
Alex Mugarura ◽  
Javan Tindyebwa ◽  
Debra S. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish socio-economic factors and maternal practices that determine child mortality in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines the role of sex, birth weight, birth order and duration of breastfeeding of a child; age, marital status and education of the mother; and household wealth in determining child mortality. The study employs a logistic regression model to establish which of the factors significantly impacts child mortality in Uganda. Findings The study established that education level, age and marital status of the mother as well as household wealth significantly impact child mortality. Also important are the sex, birth weight, birth order and breastfeeding duration. Research limitations/implications Policies aimed at promoting breastfeeding and education of female children can make a significant contribution to the reduction of child mortality in Uganda. Practical implications Health care intervention programs should focus on single, poor and uneducated mothers as their children are at great risk due to poor and inadequate health care utilization. Originality/value This paper could be the first effort in examining child mortality status in Uganda using a logistic regression model.

scholarly journals Nutritional status of under- five children in a city of Maharashtra: a community based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmikant Purohit ◽  
Priyanka Sahu ◽  
Lata B. Godale
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Under Nutrition

Background: Children are considered to be the backbone of any nation. Nutritional problems among children cause major morbidity and mortality in India. India is home to the largest number of underweight and stunted children in the world. Aim and objectives: 1) To assess prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among under-five children 2) To study factors associated with underweight, stunting and wasting among under-five childrenMethods: It was community based descriptive cross sectional study conducted during January 2010 to December 2011 at Urban Health Center of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine catering approximately 27000 populations. 650 under- fives residing in urban field practice area were included in the study with the help of Stratified random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS software 16 version and OpenEpi Software Version 2.3.Results: 40.46% under five children were stunted, 38.15% were underweight, and 16% were wasted. The difference observed between stunted and normal study subjects with reference to type of family, education of mother, birth weight and birth order were statistically significant. The proportion of under- five children with underweight showed significant association with their age, socioeconomic status, education mother, birth weight and birth order. Proportion of under-five children with SAM and MAM decreased significantly with increase in education status of mother. Significantly higher proportion of under-five children with birth weight less than 2.5 kg and higher birth order were grouped as SAM and MAM.Conclusions: Maternal education, birth weight and birth order of children were significantly associated with all three types of under nutrition i.e. underweight, stunting and wasting. Proportion of children with underweight increases significantly with increase in age and decrease in socioeconomic status. There was no religion wise or gender wise variation in proportion of children with under nutrition was reported among study subjects.

scholarly journals Relationship between birth order, birth weight, colostrum intake, acquisition of passive immunity and pre-weaning mortality of piglets

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Le Dividich ◽  
Rui Charneca ◽  
Françoise Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Large White ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Causes Of Mortality

This study investigates the relation between birth order (BO), birth weight (BW0), colostrum intake (CI), level of passive immunity and pre-weaning mortality of piglets. The animals used were 551 cross-bred piglets [Piétrain × (Large-White × Landrace)] born from 40 sows. Colostrum immunoglobulins G (IgG) determinations were made from 17 sows. Colostrum samples were obtained at birth of the first piglet then at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h later, and on the first-two and the last-two piglets born. Serum IgG determinations from 68 piglets were made at 2d of age and at weaning. Individual CI was estimated from body weight gain. Relative birth order (RBO) and BW0 within-litter were weakly (R2<0.05) but positively correlated (p<0.01). Colostrum intake of piglets was independent from RBO (p>0.10) but increased by 26 ± 1.6 g per 100 g increase in BW0 (p<0.001). Serum IgG concentrations of the last two born piglets were 29.5% lower (p<0.01) than the first two born at 2 d of age, and 25% (p<0.05) at weaning. They were also lower at weaning than at 2 d of age (p<0.001). Serum IgG concentrations of piglets at weaning and at 2 d of age were positively correlated (R2=0.50, p<0.001). Within-litter, CI explained 11% (p<0.01) of the variation observed in piglets’ IgG at 2d of age. Mortality of piglets was irrespective of RBO (p>0.10). It was concluded that despite last-born piglets obtained less passive immunity than first-born, they were not at higher risk of dying before weaning. Major causes of mortality were low birth weight and insufficient colostrum (energy) intake.

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