Developing an industrial artemisinic acid fermentation process to support the cost-effective production of antimalarial artemisinin-based combination therapies

Abstract Whey is the complex waste of the dairy industry. Despite the fact, that it has numerous applications (like different form of food supplements), its major amount is still handled as waste. The carbohydrate, protein and lactic acid content, as well as the COD and BOD, are sufficiently high warranting disposal as waste resulting in high costs; however, their levels are insufficient for the cost-effective isolation and purification. Most of the numerous reports on whey utilisation focus on lactose utilization, while lactic acid removal is complex, but necessary, particularly in case of sour whey decontamination. According to our best knowledge among the microbial fermentation, the only lactic acid (as carbon source) utilization process is propionic acid fermentation. Propionic acid is an attractive product with a wide application range. In this study, two propionic acid producing microorganisms were investigated in terms of industrial applicability. The propionic acid producing bacteria are generally characterized by anaerobic metabolism (except the pathogenic P. acne); but, for application in a biorefinery, facultative anaerobe behavior is the most appropriate and cost-effective. In this study, the aero-tolerances of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii and Propionibacterium acidipropionici were examined; their propionic acid-producing properties (yield, concentration, substrate preference, productivity) were compared.

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Bioeconomic analysis of child-targeted subsidies for artemisinin combination therapies: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2014.1356 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (107) ◽

pp. 20141356 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eili Y. Klein ◽

David L. Smith ◽

Justin M. Cohen ◽

Ramanan Laxminarayan

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Global Market ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Combination Therapies ◽

Provider Perspective ◽

Age Structured ◽

Pilot Implementation ◽

The Cost ◽

Artemisinin Combination Therapies

The Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria (AMFm) was conceived as a global market-based mechanism to increase access to effective malaria treatment and prolong effectiveness of artemisinin. Although results from a pilot implementation suggested that the subsidy was effective in increasing access to high-quality artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), the Global Fund has converted AMFm into a country-driven mechanism whereby individual countries could choose to fund the subsidy from within their country envelopes. Because the initial costs of the subsidy in the pilot countries was higher than expected, countries are also exploring alternatives to a universal subsidy, such as subsidizing only child doses. We examined the incremental cost-effectiveness of a child-targeted policy using an age-structured bioeconomic model of malaria from the provider perspective. Because the vast majority of malaria deaths occur in children, targeting children could potentially improve the cost-effectiveness of the subsidy, though it would avert significantly fewer deaths. However, the benefits of a child-targeted subsidy (i.e. deaths averted) are eroded as leakage (i.e. older individuals taking young child-targeted doses) increases, with few of the benefits of a universal subsidy gained (i.e. reductions in overall prevalence). Although potentially more cost-effective, a child-targeted subsidy must contain measures to reduce the possibility of leakage.

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The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165525 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 612-613

Author(s):

James F. Mancuso

Keyword(s):

Head Start ◽

Image Acquisition ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Financial Applications ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Instrument Control ◽

The Cost ◽

Training And Support ◽

Control Image ◽

Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

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Sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein

Phlebologie ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1622198 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 36 (06) ◽

pp. 309-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. Schulz ◽

M. Jünger ◽

M. Hahn

Keyword(s):

Saphenous Vein ◽

Great Saphenous Vein ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Duplex Sonography ◽

Foam Sclerotherapy ◽

Average Loss ◽

One Year ◽

The Cost

Summary Objective: The goal of the study was to assess the effectiveness and patient tolerability of single-session, sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy and to evaluate its economic impact. Patients, methods: We treated 20 patients with a total of 22 varicoses of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in Hach stage III-IV, clinical stage C2-C5 and a mean GSV diameter of 9 mm (range: 7 to 13 mm). We used 10 ml 3% Aethoxysklerol®. Additional varicoses of the auxiliary veins of the GSV were sclerosed immediately afterwards. Results: The occlusion rate in the treated GSVs was 100% one week after therapy as demonstrated with duplex sonography. The cost of the procedure was 207.91 E including follow-up visit, with an average loss of working time of 0.6 days. After one year one patient showed clinical signs of recurrent varicosis in the GSV; duplex sonography showed reflux in the region of the saphenofemoral junction in a total of seven patients (32% of the treated GSVs). Conclusion: Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the GSV is a cost-effective, safe method of treating varicoses of GSV and broadens the spectrum of therapeutic options. Relapses can be re-treated inexpensively with sclerotherapy.

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A Digital Economy Model for Talent Prediction Data Analytic

ICONIET PROCEEDING ◽

10.33555/iconiet.v2i4.44 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 260-266

Author(s):

Haru Purnomo Ipung ◽

Amin Soetomo

Keyword(s):

Business Model ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Technology Innovation ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Sharing Economy ◽

Token Economy ◽

Economy Model ◽

New Business ◽

The Cost ◽

Data Analytic

This research proposed a model to assist the design of the associated data architecture and data analytic to support talent forecast in the current accelerating changes in economy, industry and business change due to the accelerating pace of technological change. The emerging and re-emerging economy model were available, such as Industrial revolution 4.0, platform economy, sharing economy and token economy. Those were driven by new business model and technology innovation. An increase capability of technology to automate more jobs will cause a shift in talent pool and workforce. New business model emerge as the availabilityand the cost effective emerging technology, and as a result of emerging or re-emerging economic models. Both, new business model and technology innovation, create new jobs and works that have not been existed decades ago. The future workers will be faced by jobs that may not exist today. A dynamics model of inter-correlation of economy, industry, business model and talent forecast were proposed. A collection of literature review were conducted to initially validate the model.

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CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2019.09.18-23 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 18-23

Keyword(s):

Protective Coating ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Steel Structures ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Computational Tool ◽

Protection Method ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

The Cost ◽

Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

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Production of Asbestos-free Brake Pad Using Groundnut Shell as Filler Material

International Journal of Science and Engineering Invention ◽

10.23958/ijsei/vol04-i12/116 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

Author(s):

W. C. Solomon ◽

M. T. Lilly ◽

J. I. Sodiki

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Resin ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Filler Material ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Brake Pad ◽

Brake Pads ◽

Environmental Friendly ◽

Sieve Size ◽

Groundnut Shell ◽

The Cost

The development and evaluation of brake pads using groundnut shell (GS) particles as substitute material for asbestos were carried out in this study. This was with a view to harnessing the properties of GS, which is largely deposited as waste, and in replacing asbestos which is carcinogenic in nature despite its good tribological and mechanical properties. Two sets of composite material were developed using varying particle sizes of GS as filler material, with phenolic resin as binder with percentage compositions of 45% and 50% respectively. Results obtained indicate that the compressive strength and density increase as the sieve size of the filler material decreases, while water and oil absorption rates increase with an increase in sieve size of GS particle. This study also indicates that the cost of producing brake pad can be reduced by 19.14 percent if GS is use as filler material in producing brake pad. The results when compared with those of asbestos and industrial waste showed that GS particle can be used as an effective replacement for asbestos in producing automobile brake pad. Unlike asbestos, GS-based brake pads are environmental friendly, biodegradable and cost effective.

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Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

Transactions on Aerospace Research ◽

10.2478/tar-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (4) ◽

pp. 7-22

Author(s):

Georges Bridel ◽

Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽

Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽

Jean-Georges Brévot ◽

Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

High Energy ◽

Training System ◽

Embedded Sensors ◽

Pilot Training ◽

New Approach ◽

Combat Aircraft ◽

Air Combat ◽

The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

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Pound Wise and Penny Foolish? Weight Loss and The Dynamics of Health Care Spending

Forum for Health Economics & Policy ◽

10.2202/1558-9544.1220 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas G Koch

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Health Care Spending ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Dynamic Measures ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Current estimates of obesity costs ignore the impact of future weight loss and gain, and may either over or underestimate economic consequences of weight loss. In light of this, I construct static and dynamic measures of medical costs associated with body mass index (BMI), to be balanced against the cost of one-time interventions. This study finds that ignoring the implications of weight loss and gain over time overstates the medical-cost savings of such interventions by an order of magnitude. When the relationship between spending and age is allowed to vary, weight-loss attempts appear to be cost-effective starting and ending with middle age. Some interventions recently proven to decrease weight may also be cost-effective.

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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of BCG Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Indonesia: A Model-Based Study

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040707 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 707

Author(s):

Afifah Machlaurin ◽

Franklin Christiaan Karel Dolk ◽

Didik Setiawan ◽

Tjipke Sytse van der Werf ◽

Maarten J. Postma

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Control Programme ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Middle Income ◽

Bcg Vaccination ◽

Life Years ◽

The Cost

Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG), the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), has been applied for decades. The Indonesian government recently introduced a national TB disease control programme that includes several action plans, notably enhanced vaccination coverage, which can be strengthened through underpinning its favourable cost-effectiveness. We designed a Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of Indonesia’s current BCG vaccination programme. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were evaluated from the perspectives of both society and healthcare. The robustness of the analysis was confirmed through univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Using epidemiological data compiled for Indonesia, BCG vaccination at a price US$14 was estimated to be a cost-effective strategy in controlling TB disease. From societal and healthcare perspectives, ICERs were US$104 and US$112 per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), respectively. The results were robust for variations of most variables in the univariate analysis. Notably, the vaccine’s effectiveness regarding disease protection, vaccination costs, and case detection rates were key drivers for cost-effectiveness. The PSA results indicated that vaccination was cost-effective even at US$175 threshold in 95% of cases, approximating the monthly GDP per capita. Our findings suggest that this strategy was highly cost-effective and merits prioritization and extension within the national TB programme. Our results may be relevant for other high endemic low- and middle-income countries.

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