Gastric surface pH (pHo) transiently increases in response to focal epithelial damage. The sources of that increase, either from paracellular leakage of interstitial fluid or transcellular acid/base fluxes, have not been determined. Using in vivo microscopy approaches we measured pHowith Cl-NERF, tissue permeability with intravenous fluorescent-dextrans to label interstitial fluid (paracellular leakage), and gastric epithelial intracellular pH (pHi) with SNARF-5F (cellular acid/base fluxes). In response to two-photon photodamage, we found that cell-impermeant dyes entered damaged cells from luminal or tissue compartments, suggesting a possible slow transcellular, but not paracellular, route for increased permeability after damage. Regarding cytosolic acid/base status, we found that damaged cells acidified (6.63 ± 0.03) after photodamage, compared with healthy surface cells both near (7.12 ± 0.06) and far (7.07 ± 0.04) from damage ( P < 0.05). This damaged cell acidification was further attenuated with 20 μM intravenous EIPA (6.34 ± 0.05, P < 0.05) but unchanged by addition of 0.5 mM luminal H2DIDS (6.64 ± 0.08, P > 0.05). Raising luminal pH did not realkalinize damaged cells, suggesting that the mechanism of acidification is not attributable to leakiness to luminal protons. Inhibition of apical HCO3−secretion with 0.5 mM luminal H2DIDS or genetic deletion of the solute-like carrier 26A9 (SLC26A9) Cl−/HCO3−exchanger blocked the pHoincrease normally observed in control animals but did not compromise repair of damaged tissue. Addition of exogenous PGE2significantly increased pHoin wild-type, but not SLC26A9 knockout, animals, suggesting that prostaglandin-stimulated HCO3−secretion is fully mediated by SLC26A9. We conclude that cellular HCO3−secretion, likely through SLC26A9, is the dominant mechanism whereby surface pH transiently increases in response to photodamage.
High-speed volumetric two-photon fluorescence imaging of neurovascular dynamics
