Measuring workplace bullying in a U.S. nursing population with the Short Negative Acts Questionnaire

IntroductionInterest in workplace bullying has been steadily growing since the 1990s, focusing on understanding its driving factors, prevalence rates in different occupations and countries, its consequences, as well as the characteristics of the typical bully and victim. Currently, the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) is the most frequently used questionnaire to assess workplace bullying. Studies in the Arab world are scarce and to date the NAQ-R has not been validated in Arabic, the official or co-official language in around 25 countries in the Middle East and Asia. The aim of this study was therefore to develop an Arabic version of NAQ-R.Materials and methods447 participants aged 18–70 years were recruited through convenient sampling. Exclusion criteria were illiteracy and employment for less than 6 months. Participants were recruited from shops, banks, travel agencies and restaurants in an area in central Beirut around a tertiary care medical centre.A two-stage process was employed to translate the original version of NAQ-R to Arabic. This translated version along with validated Arabic versions of the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory II were distributed to participants.ResultsA 14-item two-factor NAQ-R, with subscales of person-related and work-related bullying, was supported. Reliability coefficients for total and subscale scores of the NAQ-R ranged from 0.63 to 0.90. The Arabic NAQ-R had good concurrent validity as indicated by significant correlations with depression and satisfaction with life (p< 0.05).ConclusionNAQ-R was translated to Arabic and adapted. The results revealed acceptable levels of reliability and construct validity. As for the underlying factor structure, it needs to be further supported.

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Do negative acts in Italian academia have a quadratic relationship with determinants of health?

International Journal of Educational Management ◽

10.1108/ijem-06-2013-0097 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 158-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Salvatore Fadda ◽

Gabriele Giorgi ◽

Juan Luis Benitez Muñoz ◽

Fernando Justicia Justicia ◽

Giuliana Solinas

Keyword(s):

General Health ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Workplace Bullying ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Health Questionnaire ◽

Quadratic Regression ◽

Italian Version ◽

Content Type ◽

Specific Setting ◽

Negative Acts

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of workplace bullying in an Italian university. Design/methodology/approach – More than 200 workers have completed the Italian version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire. Findings – The results show a spread of low to medium negative actions in the specific setting. In addition, the effects of negative actions on health are less serious than believed by most of the studies on workplace bullying. Originality/value – In particular, a quadratic regression model appears to be more appropriate than a linear model.

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Moral distress and burnout in Iranian nurses: The mediating effect of workplace bullying

Nursing Ethics ◽

10.1177/0969733018779210 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1834-1847 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fardin Ajoudani ◽

Rahim Baghaei ◽

Mojgan Lotfi

Keyword(s):

Workplace Bullying ◽

Moral Distress ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Distress Scale ◽

The Relationship ◽

Negative Acts

Background: Moral distress and workplace bullying are important issues in the nursing workplace that appear to affect nurse’s burnout. Aim: To investigate the relationship between moral distress and burnout in Iranian nurses, as mediated by their perceptions of workplace bullying. Ethical considerations: The research was approved by the committee of ethics in research of the Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Method: This is a correlation study using a cross-sectional design with anonymous questionnaires as study instruments (i.e. Moral Distress Scale-Revised, Maslach Burnout Inventory and The Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised). Data were collected from 278 nurses from five teaching hospitals in Urmia, the capital of Western Azerbaijan, northwest of Iran. Structural equation modeling and bootstrapping procedures were employed to recognize the mediating role of their perceptions of workplace bullying. Results: The mean score of moral distress, burnout, and the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised Scale among the participants were 91.02 ± 35.26, 79.9 ± 18.27, and 45.4 ± 15.39, respectively. The results confirmed our hypothesized model. All the latent variables of study were significantly correlated in the predicted directions. The moral distress and bullying were significant predictors of burnout. Perception of bullying partially mediated the relationship between moral distress and burnout. The mediating role of the bullying suggests that moral distress increases burnout, directly and indirectly. Conclusion: Nursing administrators should be conscious of the role of moral distress and bullying in the nursing workplace in increasing burnout.

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Acceptance of Workplace Bullying Behaviors and Job Satisfaction: Moderated Mediation Analysis With Coping Self-Efficacy and Exposure to Bullying

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/0033294118793985 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 122 (5) ◽

pp. 1883-1906 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milica Vukelić ◽

Svetlana Čizmić ◽

Ivana B. Petrović

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Mediation Analysis ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Workplace Bullying ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Moderated Mediation ◽

Efficacy Beliefs ◽

Bullying Behaviors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Negative Acts

Previous research explored workplace climate as a factor of workplace bullying and coping with workplace bullying, but these concepts were not closely related to workplace bullying behaviors (WBBs). To examine whether the perceived exposure to bullying mediates the relationship between the climate of accepting WBBs and job satisfaction under the condition of different levels of WBBs coping self-efficacy beliefs, we performed moderated mediation analysis. The Negative Acts Questionnaire – Revised was given to 329 employees from Serbia for assessing perceived exposure to bullying. Leaving the original scale items, the instruction of the original Negative Acts Questionnaire – Revised was modified for assessing (1) the climate of accepting WBBs and (2) WBBs coping self-efficacy beliefs. There was a significant negative relationship between exposure to bullying and job satisfaction. WBB acceptance climate was positively related to exposure to workplace bullying and negatively related to job satisfaction. WBB acceptance climate had an indirect relationship with job satisfaction through bullying exposure, and the relationship between WBB acceptance and exposure to bullying was weaker among those who believed that they were more efficient in coping with workplace bullying. Workplace bullying could be sustained by WBB acceptance climate which threatens the job-related outcomes. WBBs coping self-efficacy beliefs have some buffering effects.

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Exploring nature of workplace bullying and psychometric properties of negative acts questionnaire-revised (NAQ-R) in Indian organizations

Journal of Indian Business Research ◽

10.1108/jibr-12-2016-0145 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 229-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Arpana Rai ◽

Upasna A Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Workplace Bullying ◽

Working Hours ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Content Type ◽

Cross Cultural Comparison ◽

Indian Context ◽

Valid Instrument ◽

Negative Acts ◽

Practical Implications

Purpose An extensive amount of literature is available on workplace bullying in the Western context. With specific reference to the Indian context, there is limited literature on nature of workplace bullying in Indian organizations as well, as there is no valid instrument to measure the prevalence of workplace bullying in Indian organizations. This paper aims to explore the nature of workplace bullying in Indian organization and examine the psychometric properties of Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) in Indian context. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a hardcopy version of a survey from 835 Indian managers during working hours. Findings The analysis identified three major categories and constituent sub-categories of bullying behaviors. The NAQ-R was found appropriate on psychometric criteria. Research limitations/implications Gender-blind perspective towards approaching bullying and no sector-wise differentiation in nature of bullying are the limitations of the study. Practical implications An understanding of nature of workplace bullying in Indian organizational may help managers to identify and timely intervene the bullying situations. This study can help to strengthen the potentialities of NAQ-R as a major organizational diagnosis measure for examining bullying in Indian organizations. A validation of NAQ-R would also help to stimulate the academic work on bullying in India and allow for cross-cultural comparison of studies. Originality/value This is the first study to examine psychometric properties of the NAQ-R in Indian settings.

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WORKPLACE BULLYING DENGAN SELF-ESTEEM PADA KARYAWAN DI PERUSAHAAN KAYU

Jurnal Psikohumanika ◽

10.31001/j.psi.v12i1.664 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 78-88

Author(s):

Sealien Rampengan Swarah ◽

Sutarto Wijono

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Research Method ◽

Quantitative Method ◽

Workplace Bullying ◽

Total Population ◽

Self Esteem ◽

T Test ◽

The Self ◽

Test Results ◽

Negative Acts

This study aims to determine the correlation between workplace bullying with self-esteem. The research method that I use is quantitative method. The population of respondents was 148 employees. The research sample was taken from the total population (saturation sample) of 121 employees. The self-esteem scale is using from the Organization based on Self-esteem (OBSE) by Pierce (1989), and the workplace bullying is from the Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R) by Einarsen (2009). Data analysis using Spearman rho technique with SPSS version 25. The results showed that there iss no correlation between workplace bullying and self-esteem (r = -0,168; P> 0.05). Meanwhile, the t-test results showed that there are significant differences in self-esteem based on gender.

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Assessing Workplace Bullying: Spanish Validation of a Reduced Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/s1138741600006715 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 449-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Bernardo Moreno Jiménez ◽

Alfredo Rodríguez Muñoz ◽

Marino Martínez Gamarra ◽

Macarena Gálvez Herrer

Keyword(s):

Workplace Bullying ◽

Factor Model ◽

Spanish Version ◽

Future Research ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽

Spanish Validation ◽

Two Samples ◽

Study Support ◽

Correlated Factors ◽

Negative Acts

The aim of the present study was to validate a reduced Spanish version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ; Einarsen & Raknes, 1997). This instrument, which has been widely used in various studies, was developed to measure workplace bullying. Two samples, the first comprising 352 employees from 11 organizations, and the second comprising victims of bullying who were recruited from 15 Spanish associations against bullying, participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis conducted with the data from the first sample revealed a two-factor solution that accounted for 63.3% of the total variance. The data from the second sample were used for confirmatory factor analyses to compare three structure models of the NAQ (one factor, two independent factors, and two correlated factors). The results indicate that the correlated two-factor model provided the best fit to the data (χ2/df = 2.1, CFI = .93, GFI = .95, RMR = .04, RMSEA = .06, AIC = 215.4). Reliability analysis showed that this 14-item Spanish version had high internal consistency. Significant correlations between the NAQ and its dimensions and diverse health and perceived stress scales were found, which provided evidence of construct validity. Taken conjointly, the results of this study support the use of the Spanish version of the reduced NAQ in future research.

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