scholarly journals Public transit and the spatial distribution of minority employment: Evidence from a natural experiment

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry J. Holzer ◽  
John M. Quigley ◽  
Steven Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Minority Employment

Selectivity by moose vs the spatial distribution of aspen: a natural experiment

Ecography ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Edenius ◽  
Göran Ericsson ◽  
Peter Näslund
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Experiment

scholarly journals Impact of a public transit strike on public bicycle share use: An interrupted time series natural experiment study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fuller ◽  
Hui Luan ◽  
Richard Buote ◽  
Amy H. Auchincloss
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Experiment Study

scholarly journals Skill Transferability, Migration, and Development:Evidence from Population Resettlement in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (9) ◽  
pp. 2658-2698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Bazzi ◽  
Arya Gaduh ◽  
Alexander D. Rothenberg ◽  
Maisy Wong
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Regional Productivity ◽  
Skill Transferability ◽  
Nighttime Light ◽  
Specific Human Capital

We use a natural experiment in Indonesia to provide causal evidence on the role of location-specific human capital and skill transferability in shaping the spatial distribution of productivity. From 1979–1988, the Transmigration Program relocated two million migrants from rural Java and Bali to new rural settlements in the Outer Islands. Villages assigned migrants from regions with more similar agroclimatic endowments exhibit higher rice productivity and nighttime light intensity one to two decades later. We find some evidence of migrants' adaptation to agroclimatic change. Overall, our results suggest that regional productivity differences may overstate the potential gains from migration. (JEL J24, J43, J61, O13, O15, Q13, R23)

Public transit access and the changing spatial distribution of poverty

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 198-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Pathak ◽  
Christopher K. Wyczalkowski ◽  
Xi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Public Transit

scholarly journals The effects of road pricing on driver behavior and air pollution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gibson ◽  
Maria Carnovale
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Road Pricing ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Long Run

Exploiting the natural experiment created by an unanticipated court injunction, we evaluate driver responses to road pricing. We find evidence of intertemporal substitution toward unpriced times and spatial substitution toward unpriced roads. The effect on traffic volume varies with public transit availability. Net of these responses, Milan's pricing policy reduces air pollution substantially, generating large welfare gains. In addition, we use long-run policy changes to estimate price elasticities.

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

SEM evaluation of the TEM cold-stage double-film specimen

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Jayesh Bellare
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Liquid Sample ◽  
Thin Specimen ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
Film Specimen

Seeing is believing, but only after the sample preparation technique has received a systematic study and a full record is made of the treatment the sample gets.For microstructured liquids and suspensions, fast-freeze thermal fixation and cold-stage microscopy is perhaps the least artifact-laden technique. In the double-film specimen preparation technique, a layer of liquid sample is trapped between 100- and 400-mesh polymer (polyimide, PI) coated grids. Blotting against filter paper drains excess liquid and provides a thin specimen, which is fast-frozen by plunging into liquid nitrogen. This frozen sandwich (Fig. 1) is mounted in a cooling holder and viewed in TEM.Though extremely promising for visualization of liquid microstructures, this double-film technique suffers from a) ireproducibility and nonuniformity of sample thickness, b) low yield of imageable grid squares and c) nonuniform spatial distribution of particulates, which results in fewer being imaged.

Macroprobe Mode for the Study of Segregation in Steels

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Auclair Gilles ◽  
Benoit Danièle
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Sheet Steel ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accurate Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Optical Micrographs

During these last 10 years, high performance correction procedures have been developed for classical EPMA, and it is nowadays possible to obtain accurate quantitative analysis even for soft X-ray radiations. It is also possible to perform EPMA by adapting this accurate quantitative procedures to unusual applications such as the measurement of the segregation on wide areas in as-cast and sheet steel products.The main objection for analysis of segregation in steel by means of a line-scan mode is that it requires a very heavy sampling plan to make sure that the most significant points are analyzed. Moreover only local chemical information is obtained whereas mechanical properties are also dependant on the volume fraction and the spatial distribution of highly segregated zones. For these reasons we have chosen to systematically acquire X-ray calibrated mappings which give pictures similar to optical micrographs. Although mapping requires lengthy acquisition time there is a corresponding increase in the information given by image anlysis.

Ultrastructural analysis of the spatial distribution of MRNA

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
Gary Bassell ◽  
Robert H. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Dna Probe ◽  
Nucleotide Analogs ◽  
Gold Particles

We have been investigating the spatial distribution of nucleic acids intracellularly using in situ hybridization. The use of non-isotopic nucleotide analogs incorporated into the DNA probe allows the detection of the probe at its site of hybridization within the cell. This approach therefore is compatible with the high resolution available by electron microscopy. Biotinated or digoxigenated probe can be detected by antibodies conjugated to colloidal gold. Because mRNA serves as a template for the probe fragments, the colloidal gold particles are detected as arrays which allow it to be unequivocally distinguished from background.

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