Elastic Rebound Theory

2013 ◽  
pp. 249-250
Author(s):  
John Ristau
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Rebound

After the Earth Quakes

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Elizabeth Hough ◽  
Roger G. Bilham
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Major Earthquake ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
Historic Earthquakes ◽  
Earthquake Science

Earthquakes rank among the most terrifying natural disasters faced by mankind. Out of a clear blue sky-or worse, a jet black one-comes shaking strong enough to hurl furniture across the room, human bodies out of bed, and entire houses off of their foundations. When the dust settles, the immediate aftermath of an earthquake in an urbanized society can be profound. Phone and water supplies can be disrupted for days, fires erupt, and even a small number of overpass collapses can snarl traffic for months. However, when one examines the collective responses of developed societies to major earthquake disasters in recent historic times, a somewhat surprising theme emerges: not only determination, but resilience; not only resilience, but acceptance; not only acceptance, but astonishingly, humor. Elastic rebound is one of the most basic tenets of modern earthquake science, the term that scientists use to describe the build-up and release of energy along faults. It is also the best metaphor for societal responses to major earthquakes in recent historic times. After The Earth Quakes focuses on this theme, using a number of pivotal and intriguing historic earthquakes as illustration. The book concludes with a consideration of projected future losses on an increasingly urbanized planet, including the near-certainty that a future earthquake will someday claim over a million lives. This grim prediction impels us to take steps to mitigate earthquake risk, the innately human capacity for rebound notwithstanding.

scholarly journals Distributed Scatterer InSAR Reveals Surface Motion of the Ancient Chaoshan Residence Cluster in the Lianjiang Plain, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhou Liu ◽  
Peifeng Ma ◽  
Hui Lin ◽  
Weixi Wang ◽  
Guoqiang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Deformation Rate ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Surface Motion ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Surface Patterns ◽  
Change Dynamic

The Lianjiang Plain in China and ancient villages distributed within the plain are under the potential threat of surface motion change, but no effective monitoring strategy currently exists. Distributed Scatterer InSAR (DSInSAR) provides a new high-resolution method for the precise detection of surface motion change. In contrast to the first-generation of time-series InSAR methodology, the distributed scatterer-based method focuses both on pointwise targets with high phase stability and distributed targets with moderate coherence, the latter of which is more suitable for the comprehensive environment of the Lianjiang Plain. In this paper, we present the first study of surface motion change detection in the Lianjiang Plain, China. Two data stacks, including 54 and 29 images from Sentinel-1A adjacent orbits, are used to retrieve time-series surface motion changes for the Lianjiang Plain from 2015 to 2018. The consistency of measurement has been cross-validated between adjacent orbit results with a statistically significant determination coefficient of 0.92. The temporal evolution of representative measuring points indicates three subzones with varied surface patterns: Eastern Puning (Zone A) in a slight elastic rebound phase with a moderate deformation rate (0–40 mm/yr), Chaonan (Zone B) in a substantial subsidence phase with a strong deformation rate (−140–0 mm/yr), and Chaoyang (Zone C) in a homogeneous and stable situation (−10–10 mm/yr). The spatial distribution of these zones suggests a combined change dynamic and a strong concordance of factors impacting surface motion change. Human activities, especially groundwater exploitation, dominate the subsidence pattern, and natural conditions act as a supplementary inducement by providing a hazard-prone environment. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of spatial and temporal details in this study provides a basis for systematic surface motion monitoring, cultural heritage protection and groundwater resources management.

Fractures in the northern plains, stream patterns, and the midcontinent stress field

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1086-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mel R. Stauffer ◽  
Don J. Gendzwill
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Horizontal Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
North American Plate ◽  
Plate Motion ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The North ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Western North Dakota

Fractures in Late Cretaceous to Late Pleistocene sediments in Saskatchewan, eastern Montana, and western North Dakota form two vertical, orthogonal sets trending northeast–southwest and northwest–southeast. The pattern is consistent, regardless of rock type or age (except for concretionary sandstone). Both sets appear to be extensional in origin and are similar in character to joints in Alberta. Modem stream valleys also trend in the same two dominant directions and may be controlled by the underlying fractures.Elevation variations on the sub-Mannville (Early Cretaceous) unconformity form a rectilinear pattern also parallel to the fracture sets, suggesting that fracturing was initiated at least as early as Late Jurassic. It may have begun earlier, but there are insufficient data at present to extend the time of initiation.We interpret the fractures as the result of vertical uplift together with plate motion: the westward drift of North America. The northeast–southwest-directed maximum principal horizontal stress of the midcontinent stress field is generated by viscous drag effects between the North American plate and the mantle. Vertical uplift, erosion, or both together produce a horizontal tensile state in near-surface materials, and with the addition of a directed horizontal stress through plate motion, vertical tension cracks are generated parallel to that horizontal stress (northeast–southwest). Nearly instantaneous elastic rebound results in the production of second-order joints (northwest–southeast) perpendicular to the first. In this manner, the body of rock is being subjected with time to complex alternation of northeast–southwest and northwest–southeast horizontal stresses, resulting in the continuous and contemporaneous production of two perpendicular extensional joint sets.

The elastic-rebound theory of Earthquakes

1912 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-100
Author(s):  
H. O. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Rebound

Activated Shale Creep and Potential Micro-Annulus Investigated in the Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Bauer ◽  
Matteo Loizzo ◽  
Laurent Delabroy ◽  
Tron Golder Kristiansen ◽  
Kristian Klepaker
Keyword(s):  
Core Sample ◽  
Inversion Algorithm ◽  
Log Data ◽  
Sealing Capacity ◽  
Large Pressure ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Zonal Isolation ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
The Impact

Abstract It has been demonstrated that creeping shales can form effective hydraulic well barriers. Shale barriers have been used for many years in P&A of wells in Norway. More recently, shale barriers for zonal isolation have also been used in new wells where shale creep was found to occur within days. In some cases, shale creep is activated by a reduction in annulus pressure, in other cases shale creep sets in without any active activation, possibly by time-dependent formation-pressure changes. However, the presence of thixotropic fluids (drilling muds) in the annulus may prevent full closure of the annulus as it requires large pressure differentials to squeeze the fluid out of a microannulus. Furthermore, elastic rebound of an actively activated shale barrier could result in a microannulus and hence a possible leakage pathway. Improved logging technology is needed for identifying shale barriers and the presence of micro-annuli in shale-barrier zones. We use cement bond log data and standard bond logging criteria to evaluate the quality of the shale well barriers (Williams et al., 2009). In addition, in order to detect microannuli on the outside of the casing, a new inversion algorithm for the bond logging data was developed and tested on field data. Later, we had the chance to apply the inversion algorithm to bond-log data obtained in the laboratory with a miniature bond-logging tool inside a cased hollow-cylinder shale-core sample place. It turned out that both the micro-annulus widths and shale velocities determined by the inversion technique were too high. By constraining the shale velocities to more realistic values, the updated microannulus widths were smaller and more consistent with the experimental results. Small microannuli may not cause any measurable leakage along the well, especially if filled with a thixotropic fluid. However, more studies are needed to quantify the impact of microannuli on the sealing capacity of shale barriers.

A Prototype Operational Earthquake Loss Model for California Based on UCERF3-ETAS – A First Look at Valuation

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1279-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Field ◽  
Keith Porter ◽  
Kevin Milner
Keyword(s):  
Aftershock Sequence ◽  
Earthquake Forecast ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence ◽  
Main Shocks ◽  
Scenario Earthquakes ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Spatiotemporal Clustering ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
Aftershock Statistics

We present a prototype operational loss model based on UCERF3-ETAS, which is the third Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast with an Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) component. As such, UCERF3-ETAS represents the first earthquake forecast to relax fault segmentation assumptions and to include multi-fault ruptures, elastic-rebound, and spatiotemporal clustering, all of which seem important for generating realistic and useful aftershock statistics. UCERF3-ETAS is nevertheless an approximation of the system, however, so usefulness will vary and potential value needs to be ascertained in the context of each application. We examine this question with respect to statewide loss estimates, exemplifying how risk can be elevated by orders of magnitude due to triggered events following various scenario earthquakes. Two important considerations are the probability gains, relative to loss likelihoods in the absence of main shocks, and the rapid decay of gains with time. Significant uncertainties and model limitations remain, so we hope this paper will inspire similar analyses with respect to other risk metrics to help ascertain whether operationalization of UCERF3-ETAS would be worth the considerable resources required.

scholarly journals Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: Experimental modelling across timescales

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Rosenau ◽  
Fabio Corbi ◽  
Stephane Dominguez
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Experimental Modelling ◽  
Rupture Dynamics ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Analogue Models ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Earthquake Modelling ◽  
Earthquake Model ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
Long Timescales

Abstract. Since the formulation of Reid’s elastic rebound theory 100 years ago laboratory mechanical models combining frictional and elastic elements have joined the forefront of the research on the dynamics of earthquakes. In the last decade, with the advent of high resolution monitoring techniques and new rock analogue materials, laboratory earthquake experiments kept developing from simple spring-slider models to more sophisticated scaled analogue models. This evolution was accomplished by advances in seismology and geodesy which, along with a culmination of large earthquakes, have significantly increased the quality and quantity of relevant observations in nature. We here review the cornerstones of analogue earthquake model developments with a focus on scale models which are directly comparable to observational data on short to long timescales. We revisit the basics of analogue modelling, namely scaling, materials and monitoring, as applied in earthquake modelling. An overview of applications highlights the contributions of analogue earthquake models in bridging timescales of observations including earthquake statistics, rupture dynamics, ground motion and seismic cycle deformation up to seismotectonic evolution. We finally discuss limits, challenges and links to numerical models.

Near-field directionality of earthquake strong ground motions measured by displaced geological objects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamarah King ◽  
Mark Quigley ◽  
Dan Clark
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motions ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Reverse Fault ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Strong Ground Motions ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Test Models ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Strong Ground

<p>Coseismically displaced rock fragments (chips) in the near-field (less than 5 km) of the 2016 moment magnitude (M<sub>W</sub>) 6.1 Petermann earthquake (Australia) preserve directionality of strong ground motions. Displacement data from 1437 chips collected over an area of 100 km<sup>2 </sup>along and across the Petermann surface rupture is interpreted to record combinations of co-seismic directed permanent ground displacements associated with elastic rebound (fling) and transient  ground shaking, with intensities of motion increasing with proximity to the surface rupture. The observations provide a proxy test for available models for directionality of near-field reverse fault strong ground motions in the absence of instrumental data. This study provides a dense proxy record of strong ground motions at less than 5 km distance from a surface rupturing reverse earthquake, and may help test models of near-field dynamic and static pulse-like strong ground motion for dip-slip earthquakes.</p>

Field Apparatus for Measurement of Elastic Rebound and Final Set for Driven Pile Capacity Estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 103103
Author(s):  
L. D. Suits ◽  
T. C. Sheahan ◽  
J. R. M. S. Oliveira ◽  
P. R. R. L. Nunes ◽  
M. R. L. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Estimation ◽  
Pile Capacity ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Driven Pile

Newton in the Pool Hall: Subtleties of the Third Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wilson
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Elastic Rebound ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Third Law

In order to apply the Third Law of Motion to widely separated celestial bodies, Newton must confront the experimental behaviors of colliding billiard balls, despite the fact that such objects otherwise play little role within the Principia’s formal developments. This challenge forces Newton to confront the fraught question of the sources of their elastic rebound and to postulate implausible “hard atoms” as a result. Leibniz’s surprising opinions on this same topic are presented by way of contrast.

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