Empowering Positive Behaviors: A Gamification-Based Approach

Leadership has long been a topic of interest for both academics (Hiller, DeChurch, Murase, & Doty, 2011; Sanders & Davey, 2011) and practitioners (Bennis, 2007; George, 2003). Academics have tried to understand the concept and identify its consequences and determinants. Practitioners have focused their efforts in its training and development hoping to reap its promised benefits. Over the last decade, authentic leadership has emerged as the fashionable leadership theory. More than just promising impacts on performance and subordinates’ work satisfaction, authentic leadership addresses management’s long term demand for and ethic and moral commitment (Ghoshal, 2005; Rosenthal et al., 2007). Authentic leadership is “a process that draws from both positive psychological capacities and a highly developed organizational context, which results in both greater self-awareness and self-regulated positive behaviors on the part of leaders and associates, fostering positive self-development” (Luthans and Avolio, 2003). The components of authentic leadership’s self-regulated authentic positive behaviours are balanced (non-prejudice) processing, relational orientation and internalized moral perspetive. One key point of authentic leadership is the authenticity of leaders, which can be defined as “knowing, accepting, and remaining true to one’s self” (Avolio et al., 2004). Recent research (Ford & Harding, 2011) have argued that this demand for one’s true self privileges a collective (organizational) self over an individual self and thereby hampers subjectivity to both leaders and followers, and could lead to destructive dynamics within organizations. This paper discusses the seeming paradox of developing authenticity in leaders, (namely addressing the issues raised by Ford & Harding) and clarifies the aim of authentic leadership development. It also assesses the suitability of traditional leadership development methodologies in meeting the challenges posed by a process-based approach to leadership with a focus on individual and social identification.

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Positive risk-taking: Mixed-methods validation of a self-report scale and evidence for genetic links to personality and negative risk-taking

10.31234/osf.io/bq63f ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Megan Wales Patterson ◽

Lilla Pivnick ◽

Frank D Mann ◽

Andrew D Grotzinger ◽

Kathryn C Monahan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Youth Development ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Sensation Seeking ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Well Being ◽

Population Based ◽

Self Report ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Adolescent Risk

Adolescents are more likely to take risks. Typically, research on adolescent risk-taking has focused on its negative health and societal consequences. However, some risk-taking behaviors might be positive, defined here as behavior that does not violate the rights of others and that might advance socially-valuable goals. Empirical work on positive risk-taking has been limited by measurement challenges. In this study, we elicited adolescents’ free responses (n = 75) about a time they took a risk. Based on thematic coding, we identified positive behaviors described as risks and selected items to form a self-report scale. The resulting positive risk-taking scale was quantitatively validated in a population-based sample of adolescent twins (n = 1249). Second, we evaluated associations between positive risk-taking, negative risk-taking, and potential personality and peer correlates using a genetically informed design. Sensation seeking predicted negative and positive risk-taking equally strongly, whereas extraversion differentiated forms of risk-taking. Additive genetic influences on personality accounted for the total heritability in positive risk-taking. Indirect pathways from personality through positive and negative peer environments were identified. These results provide promising evidence that personality factors of sensation seeking and extraversion can manifest as engagement in positive risks. Increased understanding of positive manifestations of adolescent risk-taking may yield targets for positive youth development strategies to bolster youth well-being.

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Using the Health Belief Model to Explore the Impact of Environmental Empathy on Behavioral Intentions to Protect Ocean Health

Environment and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0013916520932637 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 001391652093263

Author(s):

Sojung Claire Kim ◽

Sandra L. Cooke

Keyword(s):

Health Belief Model ◽

Behavioral Intentions ◽

Health Belief ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Mediating Mechanisms ◽

Emotional Aspects ◽

The Media ◽

Belief Model ◽

The Impact ◽

The Health Belief Model

We examine psychological mediating mechanisms to promote ocean health among the U.S. public. Ocean acidification (OA) was chosen as the focus, as experts consider it as important as climate change with the same cause of humanity’s excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but it is lesser known. Empathy is a multi-dimensional concept that includes cognitive and emotional aspects. Previous literature argues that environmental empathy can facilitate positive behaviors. We tested the hypothesis that empathy affects beliefs and behavioral intentions regarding ocean health using the Health Belief Model. We found that higher empathy toward ocean health led to higher perceived susceptibility and severity from OA, greater perceived benefits of CO2 emissions reduction, greater perceived barriers, and keener attention to the media. Beliefs and media attention positively influenced behavioral intentions (e.g., willingness to buy a fuel efficient car). Theoretical and practical implications regarding audience targeting and intervention design are discussed.

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Phishing for Long Tails: Examining Organizational Repeat Clickers and Protective Stewards

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/2158244021990656 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 215824402199065

Author(s):

Matthew Canham ◽

Clay Posey ◽

Delainey Strickland ◽

Michael Constantino

Keyword(s):

Research Effort ◽

Time Frame ◽

Future Research ◽

Negative Behaviors ◽

Computer Abuse ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Phishing Attacks ◽

Long Tails ◽

Motivated Behaviors ◽

External Actors

Organizational cybersecurity efforts depend largely on the employees who reside within organizational walls. These individuals are central to the effectiveness of organizational actions to protect sensitive assets, and research has shown that they can be detrimental (e.g., sabotage and computer abuse) as well as beneficial (e.g., protective motivated behaviors) to their organizations. One major context where employees affect their organizations is phishing via email systems, which is a common attack vector used by external actors to penetrate organizational networks, steal employee credentials, and create other forms of harm. In analyzing the behavior of more than 6,000 employees at a large university in the Southeast United States during 20 mock phishing campaigns over a 19-month period, this research effort makes several contributions. First, employees’ negative behaviors like clicking links and then entering data are evaluated alongside the positive behaviors of reporting the suspected phishing attempts to the proper organizational representatives. The analysis displays evidence of both repeat clicker and repeat reporter phenomena and their frequency and Pareto distributions across the study time frame. Second, we find that employees can be categorized according to one of the four unique clusters with respect to their behavioral responses to phishing attacks—“Gaffes,” “Beacons,” “Spectators,” and “Gushers.” While each of the clusters exhibits some level of phishing failures and reports, significant variation exists among the employee classifications. Our findings are helpful in driving a new and more holistic stream of research in the realm of all forms of employee responses to phishing attacks, and we provide avenues for such future research.

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Natural healers: a review of animal assisted therapy and activities as complementary treatment for chronic conditions

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/s0104-11692012000300025 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 612-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Reiley Reed ◽

Lilian Ferrer ◽

Natalia Villegas

Keyword(s):

Chronic Conditions ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Animal Assisted Therapy ◽

Complementary Treatment ◽

Strict Adherence ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Child Patients ◽

Patient Profiles ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Social Disabilities

The primary objective of this review is to synthesize the existing literature on the use of animal-assisted therapy and activity (AAT/A) as complementary treatment among people living with chronic disease and to discuss the possible application of this practice among children living with HIV. Relevant databases were searched between March 10 and April 11, 2011, using the words: animal assisted therapy or treatment and chronic conditions or diseases. Thirty-one articles were found and 18 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research suggests that AAT/A is effective for different patient profiles, particularly children. Interaction with dogs has been found to increase positive behaviors, such as sensitivity and focus, in children with social disabilities. Decreased levels of pain have also been reported among child patients as a result of AAT/A. More research should be done in the area of children living with chronic diseases that require strict adherence to treatment, such as HIV, and on AAT/A's prospective use as an educational tool to teach children about the importance of self-care for their medical conditions.

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Barriers to Physical Distancing among Healthcare Workers on an Academic Hospital Unit During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/ice.2021.154 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Sara C. Keller ◽

Sara Pau ◽

Alejandra B. Salinas ◽

Opeyemi Oladapo-Shittu ◽

Sara E. Cosgrove ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Study ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Peer Leaders ◽

Human Factors Engineering ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Hospital Unit ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Cognitive Aids ◽

Close Proximity

Abstract Background: Physical distancing among healthcare workers (HCW) is an essential strategy in preventing HCW-to-HCW transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Objective: To understand barriers to physical distancing among HCW on an inpatient unit and identify strategies for improvement. Design: Qualitative study including observations and semi-structured interviews over three months. Setting: A non-COVID adult general medical unit in an academic tertiary hospital. Participants: HCWs based on the unit. Methods: We performed a qualitative study in which we (1) observed HCWs activities and proximity to each other on the unit during weekday shifts July-October 2020 and (2) conducted semi-structured interviews of HCWs to understand their experiences with and perspectives of physical distancing in the hospital. Qualitative data were coded based on a human factors engineering model. Results: We completed 25 hours of observations and 20 HCW interviews. High-risk interactions often occurred during handoffs of care at shift changes and patient rounds, where HCWs gathered regularly in close proximity for at least 15 minutes. Identified barriers included spacing and availability of computers, the need to communicate confidential patient information, and the desire to maintain relationships at work. Conclusions: Physical distancing can be improved in hospitals by restructuring computer workstations, work rooms, and breakrooms; applying visible cognitive aids; adapting shift times; and supporting rounds and meetings with virtual conferencing. Additional strategies to promote staff adherence to physical distancing include rewarding positive behaviors, having peer leaders model physical distancing, and encouraging additional safe avenues for social connection at a safe distance.

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Impact of Positive and Negative Socioemotional Behaviors on Remarital Instability

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x211042851 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0192513X2110428

Author(s):

Olena Kopystynska ◽

Kay Bradford ◽

Brian Higginbotham ◽

Shawn D. Whiteman

Keyword(s):

Stress Adaptation ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

Negative Behaviors ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Multi Level ◽

Remarried Couples ◽

Adaptation Model

We examined the trajectories of remarried couples’ ( N = 1161) positive and negative socioemotional behaviors, which reflect the expression of love versus hostility, in relation to remarital instability across the first 3 years of remarriage. The measures of behaviors included both self and partner reports. Guided by the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation model of marriage, we used multi-level modeling framework to test the proposed processes at between- and within-individual levels. Whereas self- and partner-reported positive behaviors predicted less remarital instability, self- and partner-reported negative behaviors predicted greater levels of remarital instability. Individual changes in self- and partner-reported positive behaviors related to less remarital instability and only changes in partner-reported negative behaviors were associated with increased remarital instability. Findings did not vary by gender or remarital profiles. The results provide support for the emergent distress model, suggesting that the path to remarital instability is rooted in gradually increasing negativity. Implications for practitioners are discussed.

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Drugs and their impact on the individual and society

Journal Ishraqat Tanmawya ◽

10.51424/ishq.27.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 63-96

Author(s):

INTISAR SHAHBAZ ◽

Keyword(s):

Drug Addiction ◽

Drug Addicts ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Negative Behaviors ◽

Deviant Behaviors ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

The Family ◽

Family Breakdown ◽

The Individual ◽

Shed Light

Abstract The problem of drug addiction for individuals, especially young people, is one of the most dangerous pests that cause many problems in various health, social and psychological aspects facing every society, but rather the whole world. The phenomenon of drug addiction often leaves individuals with dangerous negative effects on their behavior, whether towards themselves or towards others, and this requires the relevant institutions to strive for important and constructive solutions to reform such individuals, and then rid them of their negative behaviors, rehabilitate them and integrate them into society, to become active and effective individuals through their adoption of positive behaviors that are acceptable in line with the values, customs and traditions of their societies to which they belong. Therefore, our current study came to shed light on the most important effects resulting from the phenomenon of drug addiction among individuals through achieving the two research objectives which seek to know: 1- Causes of addiction to drug use among individuals 2- The effect of drug abuse on society. Upon verifying the two research objectives by relying on the analytical method of literature and previous studies, the two researchers reached the following results: First - The most important causes of youth addiction to drugs are poverty, begging, loss of one or both parents, the presence of a criminal in his family, invalid education and other various phenomena and deviations. Second - The symptoms of drug addiction push the addicted person to adopt deviant behaviors, as well as afflicting the addicted individual to psychological and mental pressures, and then afflicting his family with chronic diseases, in addition to the family breakdown occurring in the homes of drug addicts. Key words: drugs; Drug effect; The individual and society.

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