The Transformation of the Media System in Turkey

Abstract Background Fungi are premier hosts for the high-yield secretion of proteins for biomedical and industrial applications. The stability and activity of these secreted proteins is often dependent on the culture pH. As yeast acidifies the commonly used synthetic complete drop-out (SD) media that contains ammonium sulfate, the pH of the media needs to be buffered in order to maintain a desired extracellular pH during biomass production. At the same time, many buffering agents affect growth at the concentrations needed to support a stable pH. Although the standard for biotechnological research and development is shaken batch cultures or microtiter plate cultures that cannot be easily automatically pH-adjusted during growth, there is no comparative study that evaluates the buffering capacity and growth effects of different media types across pH-values in order to develop a pH-stable batch culture system. Results We systematically test the buffering capacity and growth effects of a citrate-phosphate buffer (CPB) from acidic to neutral pH across different media types. These media types differ in their nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate, urea or both). We find that the widely used synthetic drop-out media that uses ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source can only be effectively buffered at buffer concentrations that also affect growth. At lower concentrations, yeast biomass production still acidifies the media. When replacing the ammonium sulfate with urea, the media alkalizes. We then develop a medium combining ammonium sulfate and urea which can be buffered at low CPB concentrations that do not affect growth. In addition, we show that a buffer based on Tris/HCl is not effective in maintaining any of our media types at neutral pH even at relatively high concentrations. Conclusion Here we show that the buffering of yeast batch cultures is not straight-forward and addition of a buffering agent to set a desired starting pH does not guarantee pH-maintenance during growth. In response, we present a buffered media system based on an ammonium sulfate/urea medium that enables relatively stable pH-maintenance across a wide pH-range without affecting growth. This buffering system is useful for protein-secretion-screenings, antifungal activity assays, as well as for other pH-dependent basic biology or biotechnology projects.

Download Full-text

“As quiet as a mouse”: Media use in Azerbaijan

Communications ◽

10.1515/commun-2020-0021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (s1) ◽

pp. 893-911

Author(s):

Ilgar Seyidov

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Media Use ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Soviet Period ◽

Political Systems ◽

Media System ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Supportive Role ◽

The Media ◽

The One

AbstractDuring the Soviet period, the media served as one of the main propagandist tools of the authoritarian regime, using a standardized and monotype media system across the Soviet Republics. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, 15 countries became independent. The transition from Soviet communism to capitalism has led to the reconstruction of economic, socio-cultural, and political systems. One of the most affected institutions in post-Soviet countries was the media. Media have played a supportive role during rough times, when there was, on the one hand, the struggle for liberation and sovereignty, and, on the other hand, the need for nation building. It has been almost 30 years since the Soviet Republics achieved independence, yet the media have not been freed from political control and continue to serve as ideological apparatuses of authoritarian regimes in post-Soviet countries. Freedom of speech and independent media are still under threat. The current study focuses on media use in Azerbaijan, one of the under-researched post-Soviet countries. The interviews for this study were conducted with 40 participants living in Nakhichevan and Baku. In-depth, semi-structured interview techniques were used as research method. Findings are discussed under six main themes in the conclusion.

Download Full-text

Media Systems in the Digital Age: An Empirical Comparison of 30 Countries

Journal of Communication ◽

10.1093/joc/jqab054 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Edda Humprecht ◽

Laia Castro Herrero ◽

Sina Blassnig ◽

Michael Brüggemann ◽

Sven Engesser

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Information Technologies ◽

Digital Age ◽

Online News ◽

Empirical Comparison ◽

Media Freedom ◽

Media System ◽

The Media ◽

Media Systems

Abstract Media systems have changed significantly as a result of the development of information technologies. However, typologies of media systems that incorporate aspects of digitalization are rare. This study fills this gap by identifying, operationalizing, and measuring indicators of media systems in the digital age. We build on previous work, extend it with new indicators that reflect changing conditions (such as online news use), and include media freedom indicators. We include 30 countries in our study and use cluster analysis to identify three clusters of media systems. Two of these clusters correspond to the media system models described by Hallin and Mancini, namely the democratic-corporatist and the polarized-pluralist model. However, the liberal model as described by Hallin and Mancini has vanished; instead, we find empirical evidence of a new cluster that we call “hybrid”: it is positioned in between the poles of the media-supportive democratic-corporatist and the polarized-pluralist clusters.

Download Full-text

Newspaper attention and policy activities in Spain

Journal of Public Policy ◽

10.1017/s0143814x12000219 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 65-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Laura Chaqués Bonafont ◽

Frank R. Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Policy Process ◽

Front Page ◽

Political Leaders ◽

Daily Newspapers ◽

Media Attention ◽

Comprehensive Database ◽

Media System ◽

The Media ◽

Over Time

AbstractSpain's newspapers are characterised by strong partisan identities. We demonstrate that the two leading newspapers nonetheless show powerful similarities in the topics of their coverage over time. The media system is strongly related to the policy process and it shows similar levels of skew (attention focuses on just a few topics) and friction (attention lurches rapidly from topic to topic) as others have shown for policy processes more generally. Further, media attention is significantly related to parliamentary activities. Oral questions in parliament track closely with media attention over time. Our assessment is based on a comprehensive database of all front-page stories (over 95,000 stories) in El País and El Mundo, Spain's largest daily newspapers, and all 7,446 oral questions from 1996 to 2009. The paper shows that explanations of friction and skew in governmental activities should incorporate media dynamics as well. Political leaders are clearly sensitive to media salience.

Download Full-text

System medialny współczesnego Izraela

Dziennikarstwo i Media ◽

10.19195/2082-8322.8.9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 119-132

Author(s):

Kacper Kosma Kocur

Keyword(s):

Current Situation ◽

Political Orientation ◽

The State ◽

The Internet ◽

Radio Stations ◽

Media System ◽

The Press ◽

History Of ◽

The Media ◽

State Of Israel

The media system in Israel todayThe paper examines the media system in the state of Israel. It takes into account both the history of the media — from the press through radio and television to the internet — and the current situation. The author describes the most important Israeli media: newspapers, television and radio stations, as well as websites, taking into consideration their popularity on the market, political orientation and importance in Israel’s media world.

Download Full-text

Medier og selvstændighed i Grønland

Politik ◽

10.7146/politik.v22i1.114841 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Signe Ravn-Højgaard

Keyword(s):

Nation Building ◽

Digital Platforms ◽

The Public ◽

Media Regulation ◽

Media System ◽

The Media ◽

Streaming Services ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Media Systems ◽

Public Economy

This article discusses the potential impact of Greenlandic independence on Greenland’s media system and suggests initiatives necessary for maintaining strong Greenlandic media in the future. Using Manuel Puppis' (2009) theory of the characteristics of small media systems, the Greenlandic media system is described. It is shown that it is built with the following aim in mind: the media should support the Greenlandic society by being independent and diverse, strengthening the Greenlandic language, and providing quality journalism that can heighten the public debate. However, as a small media system it is vulnerable to global tendencies where legacy media lose users and advertisers to digital platforms like Facebook and streaming services. The article argues that the vulnerability of the Greenlandic media system could increase if independence leads to a tighter public economy, impeding the media's ability to support Greenlandic society and culture. An interventionist media regulation could, therefore, be a prerequisite for a strong Greenlandic media system that can act as a unifying and nation-building institution.

Download Full-text

The State and Media Financing: Bulgaria and the Mediterranean Media Model

21st Century Media and Communications ◽

10.54664/zkql5823 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ivo Indjov ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

The State ◽

State Funding ◽

Communist Country ◽

Media System ◽

Role Of The State ◽

Public Media ◽

The Media ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

The Government

The study examines the applicability of the comparative framework of Hallin and Mancini (2004) with their three models of media‒politics relations (Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, North/ Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model, and North Atlantic or Liberal Model) to a post-communist country like Bulgaria. The answer to this question is sought through a study of the role of the state in relation to the media system, particularly the state funding of media in its various forms. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the Bulgarian media system is most similar to the Mediterranean Model due to the power of еtatism (the state finances public media, and the government buys media love through state and municipal advertising). At the same time, ineffective media regulation favors media concentration and the instrumentalization of large government media groups. The processes of rapid liberalization, privatization and deregulation in the media sector after 1989 brought Bulgaria closer to the countries included in the Liberal Model. Therefore, its media system is hybrid to some extent, but the similarities with the Mediterranean Model remain in the lead. The clientelism through which they are tamed, resp. corrupt the media, brings Bulgaria closer to the Latin American countries where it is much stronger than in the Mediterranean region (Hallin, Papathanassopoulos 2002). The concluding part predicts that, in the future, the analysis of the Bulgarian media system can be enhanced with a study of the applicability of the concepts of the “captured liberal model” of the media (in Latin America) and the “captured media” in the post-communist world.

Download Full-text

The Media System

Media and Power in Post-Soviet Russia ◽

10.4324/9781315291055-13 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 201-240

Keyword(s):

Media System ◽

The Media

Download Full-text

Introduction

Framing Inequality ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Matt Guardino

Keyword(s):

Public Opinion ◽

Media Coverage ◽

Economic Inequality ◽

Institutional Factors ◽

Unintended Effects ◽

American Democracy ◽

News Content ◽

Media System ◽

Policy Debates ◽

The Media

This chapter introduces the argument and analyses. It explains the broader political importance of media coverage and public opinion during policy debates. The chapter also discusses how structural and institutional factors in the media system can contribute to often unforeseen or unintended effects on news content, and can ultimately shape the ideological direction of public opinion. It summarizes the book’s data and key claims about corporate news media’s role in rising economic inequality across the neoliberal era, and discusses the broader implications of the book’s argument and evidence for American democracy. The chapter ends by previewing the structure of the book.

Download Full-text

Red Economy, Blue Economy: How Media-Party Parallelism Affects the Partisan Economic Perception Gap

The International Journal of Press/Politics ◽

10.1177/1940161220926931 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 194016122092693

Author(s):

Arjen van Dalen

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Political Institutions ◽

Selective Exposure ◽

Media System ◽

State Of The Economy ◽

Country Characteristics ◽

Perception Gap ◽

The Media ◽

Media Systems ◽

Economic Perceptions

Partisan identities do not only shape people’s political attitudes, but also their perceptions of real-world developments. This is evident from the partisan economic perception gap: Government supporters have more positive economic perceptions than opposition supporters, especially when the economic situation is ambiguous. Recent research has shown that the size of this partisan gap varies across different contexts and that the state of the economy and working of political institutions are important moderators. Still, little is known about the influence of another important contextual variable: the degree of partisanship in the media system. Based on a theoretical discussion of partisan-motivated rationalization and the information environment, the paper tests the hypothesis that, due to selective exposure and exposure to more partisan content, people in partisan media systems have more polarized economic perceptions. A multilevel analysis of representative surveys in twenty-six European countries in 2014 shows that the partisan perception gap is, indeed, larger in countries with more polarized media systems, after controlling for other relevant country characteristics. People with the highest level of media consumption are most affected by media-party parallelism. The findings are relevant for worldwide discussions about posttruth politics, as they show that the media environment influences gaps in people’s perceptions of real-world developments.

Download Full-text