White Blood Cells and the Immune Response

1982 ◽  
pp. 68-89
Author(s):  
N. J. Russell ◽  
G. M. Powell ◽  
J. G. Jones ◽  
P. J. Winterburn ◽  
J. M. Basford
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
O.V. Kryachko ◽  
◽  
A.O. Budnik ◽  

Hematological leukocyte indexes reflect the relationship between different classes of cells of the leukocyte formula and can provide information about intoxication and the state of the immune response in sick animals. Moreover, calculated leukocyte indexes can become an alternative to complex and expen-sive studies to determine the immunogram, cytokine content, and a number of other bio-chemical parameters. In this paper, we con-sidered the nature of changes in immunologi-cal indicators in piglets under technological stress as a result of weaning and regrouping, and we used calculated leukocyte indexes. To organize the research, we selected clini cally healthy Landrace piglets (n=5) in one of the pig breeding complexes in the Lenin-grad region. The studies were conducted one day before weaning of piglets from sows, age 25 days, and two weeks after weaning at the age of 41 days. Blood was collected us-ing a standard method and examined on a hematological analyzer to determine the morphological composition of white blood cells. The calculation of leukocyte indices was performed using formulas that charac-terize the ratio of the content of various forms of white blood cells, and in some cas-es, the rate of precipitation of red blood cells. The functional changes observed by the piglets 'immune system as a result of regrouping stress confirm the negative im-pact of the technological process on the ani-mals' immunity and provide a prerequisite for studying the ways and mechanisms of increasing their protective forces at this stage of the technological cycle. Analysis of integral leukocyte indexes showed an imbal-ance of specific (adaptive) and non-specific (innate) components of immunity in the dy-namics of changes in immunocompetent blood cells against the background of stress.


Endocrine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Chiloiro ◽  
Antonella Giampietro ◽  
Flavia Angelini ◽  
Vincenzo Arena ◽  
Egidio Stigliano ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction Primary autoimmune hypophysitis (PAHs) is a rare inflammatory disease of the pituitary gland. Although largely investigated, the pathogenesis of PAH is not completely clarified. We aimed to investigate the immune response in PAHs. Material and methods Serum anti-pituitary and anti-hypothalamus antibodies (respectively APAs and AHAs) were investigated though an indirect immunofluorescence on monkey hypophysis and hypothalamus slides, serum cytokines though an array membrane and cell-mediated immunity though the white blood cells count. Results Nineteen PAH cases entered the study. APA or AHA were identified in all cases. APA were detected in 13 patients (68.4%) and AHA in 13 patients (68.4%). Ten patients (52.6%) were simultaneously positive for both APA and AHA. The prevalence of APAs and AHAs was higher as compared to those observed in 50 health controls (respectively 14% p < 0.001 and 24% p = 0.004) and in 100 not-secreting pituitary adenoma (NFPAs) (respectively 22% p = 0.002 and 8% p < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of simultaneous positivity for APA and AHA (52.9%) was higher as compared to the those detected in patients affected by NFPAs (0%; p < 0.001) and in health controls (16% p = 0.002). No differences were identified between PAHs and controls at qualitative and quantitative analysis of serum cytokines and white blood cells count. Conclusions This study suggest that APA and AHA may be detected in an high percentage of PAH cases and that their simultaneous identification may be useful for the differential diagnosis between PAH and NFPAs, in an appropriate clinical context.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Dewi Elfidasari ◽  
Riris Lindiawati Puspitasari

<p><em>Abstrak</em><em> </em><strong><em>-</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong>Imunoserologi adalah cara mengidentifikasi terbentuknya antibodi yang diproduksi oleh sel darah putih sebagai respon terhadap masuknya antigen. Salah satu teknik Imunoserologi yang lazim digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan antibodi di dalam darah adalah uji hambatan hemaglutinasi (<em>Hemagglutination-inhibition</em>/HI). Pada uji ini digunakan antigen yang homolog sehingga akan terjadi ikatan antigen-antibodi. Titer antibodi merupakan salah satu indikator dalam menentukan respon imun organisme terhadap suatu infeksi, seperti infeksi Virus <em>Avian Influenza</em> (VAI) subtipe H5N1. Interaksi yang terjadi antara burung air liar dengan unggas domestik dapat menyebabkan <em>cross-infection</em>, baik dari unggas domestik ke burung liar maupun dari burung liar ke unggas domestik. Salah satunya cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan  pola penularan dan penyebaran VAI subtipe H5N1 pada kawasan CAPD adalah melalui analisa <em>cross-infection</em> berdasarkan imunoserologi dengan melihat titer antibodi yang terbentuk pada unggas (ayam, bebek, mentok) dan burung-burung air liar penetap di kawasan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa <em>cross-infection</em> tidak terjadi pada penyebaran virus </strong><strong>V</strong><strong>AI subtipe H5N1 di kawasan CAPD. Penularan terjadi hanya satu arah, dari unggas domestik ke burung-burung air liar penetap di CAPD.</strong></p><p> </p><p><em>Abstract<strong> - Immunoserology is a method to identify the formation of antibodies that produced by white blood cells as a response to agains the antigen. One of Immunoserology assays technique that commonly used to detect the presence of antibodies is hemagglutination test (Hemagglutination-inhibition/HI). In this study we used homologous antigens to observed the antigen-antibody binding. The antibody titer is an indicator to determining the immune response for the infectious microorganism, such as Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) subtype H5N1. Interactions between wild water birds and domestic poultry can lead the cross-infection mechanism. The analysis of cross-infection by imunoserologi is one of the ways to find the patterns of transmission and spread of the AIV subtype H5N1 in CAPD. The results of this study was indicate that cross-infection did not occur in the spread of AIV subtype H5N1 in the CAPD. The mechanism of transmission was occurs by one direction, only from domestic poultry to wild water birds resident in CAPD.</strong></em></p>


Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Miaomiao Xu ◽  
Peng Yue ◽  
Donghui Zhang ◽  
Jiyu Tong ◽  
...  

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a host’s dysfunctional response to infection. As is known to all, septic heart disease occurs because pathogens invading the blood stimulate the activation of endothelial cells, causing a large number of white blood cells to accumulate and trigger an immune response. However, in severe sepsis, the hematopoietic system is inhibited, and there will also be a decline in white blood cells, at which time the autoimmune system will also be suppressed. During the immune response, a large number of inflammatory factors are released into cells to participate in the inflammatory process, which ultimately damages cardiac myocytes and leads to impaired cardiac function. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common RNA modification in mRNA and non-coding RNA that affects RNA splicing, translation, stability, and epigenetic effects of some non-coding RNAs. A large number of emerging evidences demonstrated m6A modification had been involved in multiple biological processes, especially for sepsis and immune disorders. Unfortunately, there are limited results provided to analyze the association between m6A modification and sepsis-induced cardiovascular dysfunction (SICD). In this review, we firstly summarized current evidences on how m6A mediates the pathophysiological process in cardiac development and cardiomyopathy to emphasize the importance of RNA methylation in maintaining heart biogenesis and homeostasis. Then, we clarified the participants of m6A modification in extended inflammatory responses and immune system activation, which are the dominant and initial changes secondary to sepsis attack. After that, we deeply analyzed the top causes of SICD and identified the activation of inflammatory cytokines, endothelial cell dysfunction, and mitochondrial failure. Thus, the highlight of this review is that we systematically collected all the related potential mechanisms between m6A modification and SICD causes. Although there is lack of direct evidences on SICD, indirect evidences had been demonstrated case by case on every particular molecular mechanism and signal transduction, which require further explorations into the potential links among the listed mechanisms. This provides novel insights into the understanding of SICD.


Author(s):  
Anurag Tripathi ◽  
Nikos Chronis

White blood cells (WBCs) and their subtypes are important constituents of the human immune system as their concentration, quantified by a WBC count test, indicates the state of body’s immune response against infections. These cell count tests are important prognostic and diagnostic indicators for a number of human immunological diseases, most prominent of them being AIDS (1).


2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
G O Obochi ◽  
D O Ochalefu ◽  
E O.O Amali ◽  
N Ufaruna ◽  
B Myke Mbata ◽  
...  

The effects of Dombeya buettneri extracts on electrolyte and heamapoietic indices of wistar albino rats were studied. The results showed that there was a significant increase in red blood cells, white blood cells and hemoglobin, resulting in hemopoiesis and synthesis of hememoiety for hemogloglobin. Thephytochemical composition showed low phytic acid (trace) which suggests antioxidant activity, enhancing immunocompetence. The LD50 obtained was 2.58mg/kg, suggesting that dosage of Dombeya buettneri below this LD50 is safe. This work suggests that Dombeya buettneri may be useful inthe treatment of anemia and may boost immune response, and that administration (dosage) below 2.58mg/kg is safe


Author(s):  
Delma P. Thomas ◽  
Dianne E. Godar

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from all three waveband regions of the UV spectrum, UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVC (200-290 nm), can be emitted by some medical devices and consumer products. Sunlamps can expose the blood to a considerable amount of UVR, particularly UVA and/or UVB. The percent transmission of each waveband through the epidermis to the dermis, which contains blood, increases in the order of increasing wavelength: UVC (10%) < UVB (20%) < UVA (30%). To investigate the effects of UVR on white blood cells, we chose transmission electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure changes in L5178Y-R murine lymphoma cells.


1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (01) ◽  
pp. 112-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N Bell ◽  
Samira Spain ◽  
Harry L Goldsmith

SummaryThe effect of red blood cells, rbc, and shear rate on the ADPinduced aggregation of platelets in whole blood, WB, flowing through polyethylene tubing was studied using a previously described technique (1). Effluent WB was collected into 0.5% glutaraldehyde and the red blood cells removed by centrifugation through Percoll. At 23°C the rate of single platelet aggregtion was upt to 9× greater in WB than previously found in platelet-rich plasma (2) at mean tube shear rates Ḡ = 41.9,335, and 1,920 s−1, and at both 0.2 and 1.0 µM ADP. At 0.2 pM ADP, the rate of aggregation was greatest at Ḡ = 41.9 s−1 over the first 1.7 s mean transit time through the flow tube, t, but decreased steadily with time. At Ḡ ≥335 s−1 the rate of aggregation increased between t = 1.7 and 8.6 s; however, aggregate size decreased with increasing shear rate. At 1.0 µM ADP, the initial rate of single platelet aggregation was still highest at Ḡ = 41.9 s1 where large aggregates up to several millimeters in diameter containing rbc formed by t = 43 s. At this ADP concentration, aggregate size was still limited at Ḡ ≥335 s−1 but the rate of single platelet aggregation was markedly greater than at 0.2 pM ADP. By t = 43 s, no single platelets remained and rbc were not incorporated into aggregates. Although aggregate size increased slowly, large aggregates eventually formed. White blood cells were not significantly incorporated into aggregates at any shear rate or ADP concentration. Since the present technique did not induce platelet thromboxane A2 formation or cause cell lysis, these experiments provide evidence for a purely mechanical effect of rbc in augmenting platelet aggregation in WB.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Papalou ◽  
Sarantis Livadas ◽  
Athanasios Karachalios ◽  
Nektarios Benetatos ◽  
George Boutzios ◽  
...  

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