Effects of ACE inhibition on endurance exercise haemodynamics in trained subjects with mild hypertension

We tested the hypothesis that regular endurance exercise prevents the age-related decline in insulin action typically observed in healthy, sedentary adults. An index of whole body insulin sensitivity (ISI), obtained from minimal model analysis of insulin and glucose concentrations during a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, was determined in 126 healthy adults: 25 young [27 ± 1 (SE) yr; 13 men/12 women] and 43 older (59 ± 1 yr; 20/13) sedentary and 25 young (29 ± 1 yr; 12/13) and 33 older (60 ± 1 yr; 20/13) endurance trained. ISI values were lower in the older vs. young adults in both sedentary (−53%; 3.9 ± 0.3 vs. 7.0 ± 0.7 ×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01) and endurance-trained (−36%; 7.9 ± 0.6 vs. 12.4 ± 1.0 ×10−4min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01) groups, but the value was 72–102% higher in the trained subjects at either age ( P < 0.01). In subgroup analysis of sedentary and endurance-trained adults with similar body fat levels ( n = 62), the age-related reduction in ISI persisted only in the endurance-trained subjects (12.9 ± 1.9 vs. 8.7 ± 1.2 ×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01). The results of the present study suggest that habitual endurance exercise does not prevent the age-associated decline insulin action. Moreover, the age-related reduction in ISI in endurance-trained adults appears to be independent of adiposity.

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Endurance exercise increases skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferases and plasma kynurenic acid in humans

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.00053.2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 310 (10) ◽

pp. C836-C840 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Maja Schlittler ◽

Michel Goiny ◽

Leandro Z. Agudelo ◽

Tomas Venckunas ◽

Marius Brazaitis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Alternative Treatment ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Kynurenic Acid ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Gene And Protein Expression ◽

Kynurenine Metabolism

Physical exercise has emerged as an alternative treatment for patients with depressive disorder. Recent animal studies show that exercise protects from depression by increased skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) expression which shifts the kynurenine metabolism away from the neurotoxic kynurenine (KYN) to the production of kynurenic acid (KYNA). In the present study, we investigated the effect of exercise on kynurenine metabolism in humans. KAT gene and protein expression was increased in the muscles of endurance-trained subjects compared with untrained subjects. Endurance exercise caused an increase in plasma KYNA within the first hour after exercise. In contrast, a bout of high-intensity eccentric exercise did not lead to increased plasma KYNA concentration. Our results show that regular endurance exercise causes adaptations in kynurenine metabolism which can have implications for exercise recommendations for patients with depressive disorder.

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Heart rate variability: ACE-inhibition, angiotensin II antagonism and their association in mild hypertension

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1016/s0895-7061(01)01417-0 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. A104

Author(s):

G Barletta

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Mild Hypertension ◽

Ace Inhibition

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Endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans: association with age and habitual exercise

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00845.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 300 (3) ◽

pp. H813-H819 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Allison E. DeVan ◽

Daniel Umpierre ◽

Michelle L. Harrison ◽

Hsin-Fu Lin ◽

Takashi Tarumi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Brachial Artery ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Before And After ◽

Habitual Exercise ◽

Artery Disease

Advancing age is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammation with aging may predispose older arteries to greater ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Because coronary artery ischemia cannot be induced safely, the effects of age and habitual endurance exercise on endothelial I/R injury have not been determined in humans. Using the brachial artery as a surrogate model of the coronary arteries, endothelial function, assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), was measured before and after 20 min of continuous forearm occlusion in young sedentary ( n = 10, 24 ± 2 yr) and middle-aged ( n = 9, 48 ± 2 yr) sedentary adults to gain insight into the effects of primary aging on endothelial I/R injury. Young ( n = 9, 25 ± 1 yr) and middle-aged endurance-trained ( n = 9, 50 ± 2 yr) adults were also studied to determine whether habitual exercise provides protection from I/R injury. Fifteen minutes after ischemic injury, FMD decreased significantly by 37% in young sedentary, 35% in young endurance-trained, 68% in middle-aged sedentary, and 50% in middle-aged endurance-trained subjects. FMD returned to baseline levels within 30 min in young sedentary and endurance-trained subjects but remained depressed in middle-aged sedentary and endurance-trained subjects. Circulating markers of antioxidant capacity and inflammation were not related to FMD. In conclusion, advancing age is associated with a greater magnitude and delayed recovery from endothelial I/R injury in humans. Habitual endurance exercise may provide partial protection to the endothelium against this form of I/R injury with advancing age.

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Muscle carnitine after strenuous endurance exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.423 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 423-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

J. Decombaz ◽

B. Gmuender ◽

G. Sierro ◽

P. Cerretelli

Keyword(s):

Endurance Exercise ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Carnitine Deficiency ◽

Moderate Amount ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

H 26 ◽

The Alps ◽

Total Carnitine ◽

Long Endurance ◽

Total Muscle

The effect of very long endurance exercise on muscle carnitine was studied. Eighteen cross-country skiers took part in a race in the Alps (average inspired partial pressure of O2 100–110 Torr) that lasted on average 13 h 26 min. Carnitine intake, evaluated for 2 wk before the event, was 50 +/- 4 (SE) mg/day. Muscle (vastus lateralis) total carnitine concentration, measured twice with a 2-yr interval on eight rested subjects, did not change with time (17 vs. 16 mumol/g dry wt, NS) but showed consistent interindividual differences (range 12–22, P = 0.001) with no correlation with intake. After exercise, total muscle carnitine was unaltered (from 17.9 +/- 1.0 at rest to 18.3 +/- 0.8 mumol/g dry wt postexercise in the 15 subjects who completed the race, NS), but muscle free carnitine decreased 20% (from 14.9 +/- 0.8 mumol/g, P = 0.01) and short-chain acylcarnitine increased 108% (from 3.5 +/- 0.4 mumol/g, P = 0.01). These results suggest that carnitine deficiency will probably not result from strenuous aerobic exercise in trained subjects who consume a moderate amount of carnitine in their food.

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Low-dose combination of at II receptor blockade and ACE-inhibition in mild hypertension

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.03.631 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. A230-A231

Author(s):

F FRANCHI ◽

C LAZZERI ◽

M CHIOSTRI ◽

S ROMANO

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Mild Hypertension ◽

Ace Inhibition ◽

Receptor Blockade ◽

Dose Combination

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Effects of acute and chronic endurance exercise on intracellular nitric oxide and superoxide in circulating CD34+ and CD34− cells

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00541.2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 111 (3) ◽

pp. 929-937 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Nathan T. Jenkins ◽

Rian Q. Landers ◽

Steven J. Prior ◽

Naina Soni ◽

Espen E. Spangenburg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Inos Mrna ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Trained Group ◽

Antioxidant Genes ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Sedentary Group

We investigated the influence of acute and chronic endurance exercise on levels of intracellular nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (O2·−), and expression of genes regulating the balance between these free radicals in CD34+ and CD34− peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; isolated by immunomagnetic cell separation). Blood samples were obtained from age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched endurance-trained ( n = 10) and sedentary ( n = 10) men before and after 30 min of exercise at 75% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Baseline levels of intracellular NO (measured by DAF-FM diacetate) and O2·− (measured by dihydroethidium) were 26% ( P < 0.05) and 10% ( P < 0.05) higher, respectively, in CD34+ PBMCs from the sedentary group compared with the endurance-trained group. CD34+ PBMCs from the sedentary group at baseline had twofold greater inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and 50% lower endothelial NOS (eNOS) mRNA levels compared with the trained group ( P < 0.05). The baseline group difference in O2·− was eliminated by acute exercise. Experiments with apocynin indicated that the training-related difference in O2·− levels was explained by increased NADPH oxidase activity in the sedentary state. mRNA levels of additional angiogenic and antioxidant genes were consistent with a more angiogenic profile in CD34+ cells of trained subjects. CD34− PBMCs, examined for exploratory purposes, also displayed a more angiogenic mRNA profile in trained subjects, with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and eNOS being more highly expressed in trained subjects. Overall, our data suggest an association between the sedentary state and increased nitro-oxidative stress in CD34+ cells.

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Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2020_aja-20-00047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 429-435

Author(s):

Patricia C. Mancini ◽

Richard S. Tyler ◽

Hyung Jin Jun ◽

Tang-Chuan Wang ◽

Helena Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

High Frequency ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Reliable Estimate ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

The Relationship ◽

Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

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