Osmotic control of luminescence and growth in Photobacterium leiognathi from ponyfish light organs

1985 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul V. Dunlap
Keyword(s):  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Light Organs

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of “Photobacterium mandapamensis”

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 3173-3182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison J. Kaeding ◽  
Jennifer C. Ast ◽  
Meghan M. Pearce ◽  
Henryk Urbanczyk ◽  
Seishi Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Host Fishes ◽  
Loliginid Squid ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT “Photobacterium mandapamensis” (proposed name) and Photobacterium leiognathi are closely related, phenotypically similar marine bacteria that form bioluminescent symbioses with marine animals. Despite their similarity, however, these bacteria can be distinguished phylogenetically by sequence divergence of their luminescence genes, luxCDAB(F)E, by the presence (P. mandapamensis) or the absence (P. leiognathi) of luxF and, as shown here, by the sequence divergence of genes involved in the synthesis of riboflavin, ribBHA. To gain insight into the possibility that P. mandapamensis and P. leiognathi are ecologically distinct, we used these phylogenetic criteria to determine the incidence of P. mandapamensis as a bioluminescent symbiont of marine animals. Five fish species, Acropoma japonicum (Perciformes, Acropomatidae), Photopectoralis panayensis and Photopectoralis bindus (Perciformes, Leiognathidae), Siphamia versicolor (Perciformes, Apogonidae), and Gadella jordani (Gadiformes, Moridae), were found to harbor P. mandapamensis in their light organs. Specimens of A. japonicus, P. panayensis, and P. bindus harbored P. mandapamensis and P. leiognathi together as cosymbionts of the same light organ. Regardless of cosymbiosis, P. mandapamensis was the predominant symbiont of A. japonicum, and it was the apparently exclusive symbiont of S. versicolor and G. jordani. In contrast, P. leiognathi was found to be the predominant symbiont of P. panayensis and P. bindus, and it appears to be the exclusive symbiont of other leiognathid fishes and a loliginid squid. A phylogenetic test for cospeciation revealed no evidence of codivergence between P. mandapamensis and its host fishes, indicating that coevolution apparently is not the basis for this bacterium's host preferences. These results, which are the first report of bacterial cosymbiosis in fish light organs and the first demonstration that P. leiognathi is not the exclusive light organ symbiont of leiognathid fishes, demonstrate that the host species ranges of P. mandapamensis and P. leiognathi are substantially distinct. The host range difference underscores possible differences in the environmental distributions and physiologies of these two bacterial species.

Light Organ and Eyestalk Compensation to Body Tilt in the Luminescent Midwater Shrimp, Sergestes Similis

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104
Author(s):  
MICHAEL I. LATZ ◽  
JAMES F. CASE
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Light Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Total Compensation ◽  
Angular Movement ◽  
Counter Rotation ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Before And After

The posterior light organ and eyestalk of the midwater shrimp, Sergestes similis Hansen, are capable of 140° of angular movement within the body during pitch body tilt, maintaining the organs at near horizontal orientations. Counter-rotations compensate for 74–80% of body inclination. These responses are statocyst mediated. Unilateral statolith ablation reduces compensation by 50%. There is no evidence for either homolateral or contralateral control by the single functioning statocyst. Bilateral lith ablation abolishes counter-rotation. Light organ and eyestalk orientations are unaffected by the direction of imposed body tilt. Bioluminescence is emitted downward from horizontal animals with an angular distribution similar to the distribution of oceanic light. The amount of downward directed luminescence in tilted animals decreases at large angles of body inclination due to less than total compensation by the light organs. Eye turning towards a light source is induced by upward-directed illumination. The resulting change in eyestalk orientations never amounts to more than 25°. The turning is abolished by bilateral statolith ablation. Downward directed illumination, comparable in intensity to oceanic light, generally does not generate significant eye turning. Light organ orientations remain unaffected by directional illumination, both before and after bilateral statolith ablation. The compensatory counter-rotations by the posterior light organ and eyestalk suggest that counter-illumination by S. similis remains effective in inclined animals.

An Enzyme Histochemical and Electron Microscopical Study of the Light Organ of the Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca

1965 ◽  
Vol s3-106 (75) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
V. C. BARBER ◽  
C.W. T. PILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Alkaline And Acid Phosphatase

The light organs of female specimens of the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca were investigated by enzyme histochemical tests, lipid stains, and electron microscopy. Differences, both histochemical and in fine structure, were found between the cells of the photocyte and reflector layers. The photocytes contained a vesiculated reticulum, photocyte granules, amorphous granules, and numerous mitochondria. The reflecter layer did not contain the reticulum or the two types of granules and there were fewer mitochondria. Glycogen granules, and spaces possibly caused by the removal of urate during preparatory procedures, were present in this layer but absent from the photocytes. All the dehydrogenase enzymes, except for glucose-6-phosphate, 6 phosphogluconic, lactic, and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, which were absent from both layers, showed more activity in the photocyte layer, NADH2 and NADPH2 diaphorase showed no activity in the reflector layer. A transition zone between the two layers was demonstrated both histochemically and morphologically. Alkaline and acid phosphatase could not be demonstrated in the light organ. The adenosine triphosphatase demonstrable in the organ was not activated by magnesium but was activated by calcium ions. Lipid was present in both layers of the organ. The tracheolar supply to the photocytes was good but no tracheolar end organs were observed. The dehydrogenase activity of the body musculature is also reported upon.

scholarly journals Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in beetles

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Fallon ◽  
Sarah E. Lower ◽  
Ching-Ho Chang ◽  
Manabu Bessho-Uehara ◽  
Gavin J. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Photinus Pyralis ◽  
Click Beetles ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
The North ◽  
Click Beetle ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractFireflies and their fascinating luminous courtships have inspired centuries of scientific study. Today firefly luciferase is widely used in biotechnology, but the evolutionary origin of their bioluminescence remains unclear. To shed light on this long-standing question, we sequenced the genomes of two firefly species that diverged over 100 million-years-ago: the North AmericanPhotinus pyralisand JapaneseAquatica lateralis.We also sequenced the genome of a related click-beetle, the CaribbeanIgnelater luminosus,with bioluminescent biochemistry near-identical to fireflies, but anatomically unique light organs, suggesting the intriguing but contentious hypothesis of parallel gains of bioluminescence. Our analyses support two independent gains of bioluminescence between fireflies and click-beetles, and provide new insights into the genes, chemical defenses, and symbionts that evolved alongside their luminous lifestyle.One Sentence Summary:Comparative analyses of the first linkage-group-resolution genomes of fireflies and related bioluminescent beetles address long-standing questions of the origin and evolution of bioluminescence and its associated traits.

Three Novel Friedelane Triterpenes with Antimicrobial Activity from the Stems of Celastrus Monospermus

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiping Xie ◽  
Mingxiang Chen ◽  
Dingyong Wang ◽  
Runlin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Luminescent Bacterium ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Nmr Methods ◽  
Oleanane Triterpenoid

Three novel friedelane triterpenes, monospermonal, monospermonol and monospermondiol, along with six known friedelanes, 3-oxofriedelane, 3-oxofriedelan-28-al, 3,12-dioxofriedelane, 3-oxo-28-hydroxyfriedelane, 3-oxo-11 β-hydroxyfriedelane, 3-oxo-12 α-hydroxyfriedelane and an oleanane triterpenoid, 3 β-hydroxyolean-12-ene, were isolated from the stems of Celastrus monospermus Roxb. The structures of novel compounds, monospermonal, monospermonol and monospermondiol, were identified as 3,12-dioxofriedelan-28-al, 3,12-dioxo-28-hydroxyfriedelane and 3-oxo-12 α,28-dihydroxyfriedelane, respectively by spectroscopies including 2D NMR methods. These nine friedelane-type triterpenes were tested for antimicrobial activity against luminescent bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi N1 that had been isolated from “glowing” fish meat. Monospermonal and monospermonol showed moderate activity.

scholarly journals An Intact Cell Bioluminescence-Based Assay for the Simple and Rapid Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5015
Author(s):  
Sherwin Reyes ◽  
Nga Le ◽  
Mary Denneth Fuentes ◽  
Jonathan Upegui ◽  
Emre Dikici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Artificial Urine ◽  
Detection Window ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections, accounting for a substantial portion of outpatient hospital and clinic visits. Standard diagnosis of UTI by culture and sensitivity can take at least 48 h, and improper diagnosis can lead to an increase in antibiotic resistance following therapy. To address these shortcomings, rapid bioluminescence assays were developed and evaluated for the detection of UTI using intact, viable cells of Photobacterium mandapamensis USTCMS 1132 or previously lyophilized cells of Photobacterium leiognathi ATCC 33981™. Two platform technologies—tube bioluminescence extinction technology urine (TuBETUr) and cellphone-based UTI bioluminescence extinction technology (CUBET)—were developed and standardized using artificial urine to detect four commonly isolated UTI pathogens—namely, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Besides detection, these assays could also provide information regarding pathogen concentration/level, helping guide treatment decisions. These technologies were able to detect microbes associated with UTI at less than 105 CFU/mL, which is usually the lower cut-off limit for a positive UTI diagnosis. Among the 29 positive UTI samples yielding 105–106 CFU/mL pathogen concentrations, a total of 29 urine specimens were correctly detected by TuBETUr as UTI-positive based on an 1119 s detection window. Similarly, the rapid CUBET method was able to discriminate UTIs from normal samples with high confidence (p ≤ 0.0001), using single-pot conditions and cell phone-based monitoring. These technologies could potentially address the need for point-of-care UTI detection while reducing the possibility of antibiotic resistance associated with misdiagnosed cases of urinary tract infections, especially in low-resource environments.

scholarly journals Cloning and expression of the flavin reductase LuxG from Photobacterium leiognathi YL and its improvement for NADH detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanhua Xuan ◽  
Qilin Xiao ◽  
Jingxue Wang ◽  
Hong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Flavin Reductase ◽  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

LuxG from P. leiognathi YL was successfully purified and characterized. Based on this, a coupled pure enzyme bioluminescent system was established and used for NADH detection, which showed higher sensitivity than existing bioluminescent systems.

scholarly journals Natural Merodiploidy of the lux-rib Operon of Photobacterium leiognathi from Coastal Waters of Honshu, Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (17) ◽  
pp. 6148-6158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Ast ◽  
Henryk Urbanczyk ◽  
Paul V. Dunlap
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pump ◽  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Content Organization ◽  
Luminous Bacteria

ABSTRACT Sequence analysis of the bacterial luminescence (lux) genes has proven effective in helping resolve evolutionary relationships among luminous bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis using lux genes, however, is based on the assumptions that the lux genes are present as single copies on the bacterial chromosome and are vertically inherited. We report here that certain strains of Photobacterium leiognathi carry multiple phylogenetically distinct copies of the entire operon that codes for luminescence and riboflavin synthesis genes, luxCDABEG-ribEBHA. Merodiploid lux-rib strains of P. leiognathi were detected during sequence analysis of luxA. To define the gene content, organization, and sequence of each lux-rib operon, we constructed a fosmid library of genomic DNA from a representative merodiploid strain, lnuch.13.1. Sequence analysis of fosmid clones and genomic analysis of lnuch.13.1 defined two complete, physically separate, and apparently functional operons, designated lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2. P. leiognathi strains lelon.2.1 and lnuch.21.1 were also found to carry lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2, whereas ATCC 25521T apparently carries only lux-rib 1. In lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, lnuch.21.1, and ATCC 25521T, lux-rib 1 is flanked upstream by lumQ and putA and downstream by a gene for a hypothetical multidrug efflux pump. In contrast, transposase genes flank lux-rib 2 of lnuch.13.1, and the chromosomal location of lux-rib 2 apparently differs in lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, and lnuch.21.1. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2 are more closely related to each other than either one is to the lux and rib genes of other bacterial species, which rules out interspecies lateral gene transfer as the origin of lux-rib 2 in P. leiognathi; lux-rib 2 apparently arose within a previously unsampled or extinct P. leiognathi lineage. Analysis of 170 additional strains of P. leiognathi, for a total of 174 strains examined from coastal waters of Japan, Taiwan, the Philippine Islands, and Thailand, identified 106 strains that carry only a single lux-rib operon and 68 that carry multiple lux-rib operons. Strains bearing a single lux-rib operon were obtained throughout the geographic sampling range, whereas lux-rib merodiploid strains were found only in coastal waters of central Honshu. This is the first report of merodiploidy of lux or rib genes in a luminous bacterium and the first indication that a natural merodiploid state in bacteria can correlate with geography.

scholarly journals Tracheation of the light-organs of some common Lampyridae

1921 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter N. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Light Organs
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