scholarly journals Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of “Photobacterium mandapamensis”

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 3173-3182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison J. Kaeding ◽  
Jennifer C. Ast ◽  
Meghan M. Pearce ◽  
Henryk Urbanczyk ◽  
Seishi Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Host Fishes ◽  
Loliginid Squid ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT “Photobacterium mandapamensis” (proposed name) and Photobacterium leiognathi are closely related, phenotypically similar marine bacteria that form bioluminescent symbioses with marine animals. Despite their similarity, however, these bacteria can be distinguished phylogenetically by sequence divergence of their luminescence genes, luxCDAB(F)E, by the presence (P. mandapamensis) or the absence (P. leiognathi) of luxF and, as shown here, by the sequence divergence of genes involved in the synthesis of riboflavin, ribBHA. To gain insight into the possibility that P. mandapamensis and P. leiognathi are ecologically distinct, we used these phylogenetic criteria to determine the incidence of P. mandapamensis as a bioluminescent symbiont of marine animals. Five fish species, Acropoma japonicum (Perciformes, Acropomatidae), Photopectoralis panayensis and Photopectoralis bindus (Perciformes, Leiognathidae), Siphamia versicolor (Perciformes, Apogonidae), and Gadella jordani (Gadiformes, Moridae), were found to harbor P. mandapamensis in their light organs. Specimens of A. japonicus, P. panayensis, and P. bindus harbored P. mandapamensis and P. leiognathi together as cosymbionts of the same light organ. Regardless of cosymbiosis, P. mandapamensis was the predominant symbiont of A. japonicum, and it was the apparently exclusive symbiont of S. versicolor and G. jordani. In contrast, P. leiognathi was found to be the predominant symbiont of P. panayensis and P. bindus, and it appears to be the exclusive symbiont of other leiognathid fishes and a loliginid squid. A phylogenetic test for cospeciation revealed no evidence of codivergence between P. mandapamensis and its host fishes, indicating that coevolution apparently is not the basis for this bacterium's host preferences. These results, which are the first report of bacterial cosymbiosis in fish light organs and the first demonstration that P. leiognathi is not the exclusive light organ symbiont of leiognathid fishes, demonstrate that the host species ranges of P. mandapamensis and P. leiognathi are substantially distinct. The host range difference underscores possible differences in the environmental distributions and physiologies of these two bacterial species.

scholarly journals Using Colonization Assays and Comparative Genomics To Discover Symbiosis Behaviors and Factors in Vibrio fischeri

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clotilde Bongrand ◽  
Silvia Moriano-Gutierrez ◽  
Philip Arevalo ◽  
Margaret McFall-Ngai ◽  
Karen L. Visick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Squid Species ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Competition Assays

ABSTRACT The luminous marine Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio (Aliivibrio) fischeri is the natural light organ symbiont of several squid species, including the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, and the Japanese bobtail squid, Euprymna morsei. Work with E. scolopes has shown how the bacteria establish their niche in the light organ of the newly hatched host. Two types of V. fischeri strains have been distinguished based upon their behavior in cocolonization competition assays in juvenile E. scolopes, i.e., (i) niche-sharing or (ii) niche-dominant behavior. This study aimed to determine whether these behaviors are observed with other V. fischeri strains or whether they are specific to those isolated from E. scolopes light organs. Cocolonization competition assays between V. fischeri strains isolated from the congeneric squid E. morsei or from other marine animals revealed the same sharing or dominant behaviors. In addition, whole-genome sequencing of these strains showed that the dominant behavior is polyphyletic and not associated with the presence or absence of a single gene or genes. Comparative genomics of 44 squid light organ isolates from around the globe led to the identification of symbiosis-specific candidates in the genomes of these strains. Colonization assays using genetic derivatives with deletions of these candidates established the importance of two such genes in colonization. This study has allowed us to expand the concept of distinct colonization behaviors to strains isolated from a number of squid and fish hosts. IMPORTANCE There is an increasing recognition of the importance of strain differences in the ecology of a symbiotic bacterial species and, in particular, how these differences underlie crucial interactions with their host. Nevertheless, little is known about the genetic bases for these differences, how they manifest themselves in specific behaviors, and their distribution among symbionts of different host species. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of Vibrio fischeri isolated from the tissues of squids and fishes and applied comparative genomics approaches to look for patterns between symbiont lineages and host colonization behavior. In addition, we identified the only two genes that were exclusively present in all V. fischeri strains isolated from the light organs of sepiolid squid species. Mutational studies of these genes indicated that they both played a role in colonization of the squid light organ, emphasizing the value of applying a comparative genomics approach in the study of symbioses.

scholarly journals Temperature Affects Species Distribution in Symbiotic Populations of Vibrio spp

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3550-3555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele K. Nishiguchi
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Luminous Bacteria ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Vibrio Spp ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT The genus Sepiola (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) contains 10 known species that occur in the Mediterranean Sea today. AllSepiola species have a light organ that contains at least one of two species of luminous bacteria, Vibrio fischeriand Vibrio logei. The two Vibrio species coexist in at least four Sepiola species (S. affinis, S. intermedia, S. ligulata, andS. robusta), and their concentrations in the light organ depend on changes in certain abiotic factors, including temperature. Strains of V. fischeri grew faster in vitro and inSepiola juveniles when they were incubated at 26°C. In contrast, strains of V. logei grew faster at 18°C in culture and in Sepiola juveniles. When aposymbioticS. affinis or S. ligulata juveniles were inoculated with one Vibrio species, all strains of V. fischeri and V. logei were capable of infecting both squid species at the optimum growth temperatures, regardless of the squid host from which the bacteria were initially isolated. However, when two different strains of V. fischeri and V. logei were placed in direct competition with each other at either 18 or 26°C, strains of V. fischeri were present in sepiolid light organs in greater concentrations at 26°C, whereas strains of V. logei were present in greater concentrations at 18°C. In addition to the competition experiments, the ratios of the two bacterial species in adult Sepiola specimens caught throughout the season at various depths differed, and these differences were correlated with the temperature in the surrounding environment. My findings contribute additional data concerning the ecological and environmental factors that affect host-symbiont recognition and may provide insight into the evolution of animal-bacterium specificity.

Archaeal biofilms: widespread and complex

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Fröls
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
Archaeal Species ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Mixed Communities

Biofilms or multicellular structures become accepted as the dominant microbial lifestyle in Nature, but in the past they were only studied extensively in bacteria. Investigations on archaeal monospecies cultures have shown that many archaeal species are able to adhere on biotic and abiotic surfaces and form complex biofilm structures. Biofilm-forming archaea were identified in a broad range of extreme and moderate environments. Natural biofilms observed are mostly mixed communities composed of archaeal and bacterial species of various abundances. The physiological functions of the archaea identified in such mixed communities suggest a significant impact on the biochemical cycles maintaining the flow and recycling of the nutrients on earth. Therefore it is of high interest to investigate the characteristics and mechanisms underlying the archaeal biofilm formation. In the present review, I summarize and discuss the present investigations of biofilm-forming archaeal species, i.e. their diverse biofilm architectures in monospecies or mixed communities, the identified EPSs (extracellular polymeric substances), archaeal structures mediating surface adhesion or cell–cell connections, and the response to physical and chemical stressors implying that archaeal biofilm formation is an adaptive reaction to changing environmental conditions. A first insight into the molecular differentiation of cells within archaeal biofilms is given.

Light Organ and Eyestalk Compensation to Body Tilt in the Luminescent Midwater Shrimp, Sergestes Similis

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104
Author(s):  
MICHAEL I. LATZ ◽  
JAMES F. CASE
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Light Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Total Compensation ◽  
Angular Movement ◽  
Counter Rotation ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Before And After

The posterior light organ and eyestalk of the midwater shrimp, Sergestes similis Hansen, are capable of 140° of angular movement within the body during pitch body tilt, maintaining the organs at near horizontal orientations. Counter-rotations compensate for 74–80% of body inclination. These responses are statocyst mediated. Unilateral statolith ablation reduces compensation by 50%. There is no evidence for either homolateral or contralateral control by the single functioning statocyst. Bilateral lith ablation abolishes counter-rotation. Light organ and eyestalk orientations are unaffected by the direction of imposed body tilt. Bioluminescence is emitted downward from horizontal animals with an angular distribution similar to the distribution of oceanic light. The amount of downward directed luminescence in tilted animals decreases at large angles of body inclination due to less than total compensation by the light organs. Eye turning towards a light source is induced by upward-directed illumination. The resulting change in eyestalk orientations never amounts to more than 25°. The turning is abolished by bilateral statolith ablation. Downward directed illumination, comparable in intensity to oceanic light, generally does not generate significant eye turning. Light organ orientations remain unaffected by directional illumination, both before and after bilateral statolith ablation. The compensatory counter-rotations by the posterior light organ and eyestalk suggest that counter-illumination by S. similis remains effective in inclined animals.

An Enzyme Histochemical and Electron Microscopical Study of the Light Organ of the Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca

1965 ◽  
Vol s3-106 (75) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
V. C. BARBER ◽  
C.W. T. PILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Light Organs ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Alkaline And Acid Phosphatase

The light organs of female specimens of the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca were investigated by enzyme histochemical tests, lipid stains, and electron microscopy. Differences, both histochemical and in fine structure, were found between the cells of the photocyte and reflector layers. The photocytes contained a vesiculated reticulum, photocyte granules, amorphous granules, and numerous mitochondria. The reflecter layer did not contain the reticulum or the two types of granules and there were fewer mitochondria. Glycogen granules, and spaces possibly caused by the removal of urate during preparatory procedures, were present in this layer but absent from the photocytes. All the dehydrogenase enzymes, except for glucose-6-phosphate, 6 phosphogluconic, lactic, and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, which were absent from both layers, showed more activity in the photocyte layer, NADH2 and NADPH2 diaphorase showed no activity in the reflector layer. A transition zone between the two layers was demonstrated both histochemically and morphologically. Alkaline and acid phosphatase could not be demonstrated in the light organ. The adenosine triphosphatase demonstrable in the organ was not activated by magnesium but was activated by calcium ions. Lipid was present in both layers of the organ. The tracheolar supply to the photocytes was good but no tracheolar end organs were observed. The dehydrogenase activity of the body musculature is also reported upon.

scholarly journals An Insight into the Role of Benefical Bacteria in Periodontal Pocket Recolonization: A Literature Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
SM Apoorva ◽  
A Suchetha ◽  
DB Mundinamane ◽  
DP Bhopale ◽  
A Bharwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Initial Attachment ◽  
Bacterial Interactions ◽  
Tooth Surfaces ◽  
Free People ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Microflora can be found in both caries-free and periodontitis-free people and caries-affected and periodontitis-affected people, and many clinical studies reveal that the portion of certain bacterial species such as Streptococcus mutans or Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively, is increased in patients with caries or periodontitis. Therefore, it seems that the competition that results between beneficial bacteria and virulent bacteria leads to either a healthy or sick status of human beings. Competition between members of the dental microflora and there role in pocket recolonization is very complex and many antagonistic characteristics can be observed from competition for initial attachment on tooth surfaces or for later attachment to pioneer bacteria, competition from bacteriocins or hydrogen peroxide secreted and from facilitating the growth of some species which inhibit other species. To date only some of the details of these mechanisms are known. The present review will provide an overview on the prevalence of beneficial bacteria and the major mechanisms of oral bacterial interactions. Due to the large number of oral bacterial species, only the best characterized species are included in this review.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome in konzo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Bramble ◽  
Neerja Vashist ◽  
Arthur Ko ◽  
Sambhawa Priya ◽  
Céleste Musasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractKonzo, a distinct upper motor neuron disease associated with a cyanogenic diet and chronic malnutrition, predominately affects children and women of childbearing age in sub-Saharan Africa. While the exact biological mechanisms that cause this disease have largely remained elusive, host-genetics and environmental components such as the gut microbiome have been implicated. Using a large study population of 180 individuals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where konzo is most frequent, we investigate how the structure of the gut microbiome varied across geographical contexts, as well as provide the first insight into the gut flora of children affected with this debilitating disease using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Our findings indicate that the gut microbiome structure is highly variable depending on region of sampling, but most interestingly, we identify unique enrichments of bacterial species and functional pathways that potentially modulate the susceptibility of konzo in prone regions of the Congo.

scholarly journals The functional ClpXP protease of Chlamydia trachomatis requires distinct clpP genes from separate genetic loci

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pan ◽  
Imran T. Malik ◽  
Dhana Thomy ◽  
Beate Henrichfreise ◽  
Peter Sass
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Clp Proteases ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Pathogen ◽  
Antibacterial Target ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Clp proteases play a central role in bacterial physiology and, for some bacterial species, are even essential for survival. Also due to their conservation among bacteria including important human pathogens, Clp proteases have recently attracted considerable attention as antibiotic targets. Here, we functionally reconstituted and characterized the ClpXP protease of Chlamydia trachomatis (ctClpXP), an obligate intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of widespread sexually transmitted diseases in humans. Our in vitro data show that ctClpXP is formed by a hetero-tetradecameric proteolytic core, composed of two distinct homologs of ClpP (ctClpP1 and ctClpP2), that associates with the unfoldase ctClpX via ctClpP2 for regulated protein degradation. Antibiotics of the ADEP class interfere with protease functions by both preventing the interaction of ctClpX with ctClpP1P2 and activating the otherwise dormant proteolytic core for unregulated proteolysis. Thus, our results reveal molecular insight into ctClpXP function, validating this protease as an antibacterial target.

scholarly journals Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Wastewater in Floating Treatment Wetlands: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munazzam Jawad Shahid ◽  
Ameena A. AL-surhanee ◽  
Fayza Kouadri ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Neeha Nawaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Specific Role ◽  
Treatment Wetlands ◽  
Plant Microbe Interaction ◽  
Removal Process ◽  
Floating Treatment Wetlands ◽  
Insight Into

This article provides useful information for understanding the specific role of microbes in the pollutant removal process in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs). The current literature is collected and organized to provide an insight into the specific role of microbes toward plants and pollutants. Several aspects are discussed, such as important components of FTWs, common bacterial species, rhizospheric and endophytes bacteria, and their specific role in the pollutant removal process. The roots of plants release oxygen and exudates, which act as a substrate for microbial growth. The bacteria attach themselves to the roots and form biofilms to get nutrients from the plants. Along the plants, the microbial community also influences the performance of FTWs. The bacterial community contributes to the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, toxic metals, hydrocarbon, and organic compounds. Plant–microbe interaction breaks down complex compounds into simple nutrients, mobilizes metal ions, and increases the uptake of pollutants by plants. The inoculation of the roots of plants with acclimatized microbes may improve the phytoremediation potential of FTWs. The bacteria also encourage plant growth and the bioavailability of toxic pollutants and can alleviate metal toxicity.

scholarly journals Natural Merodiploidy of the lux-rib Operon of Photobacterium leiognathi from Coastal Waters of Honshu, Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (17) ◽  
pp. 6148-6158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Ast ◽  
Henryk Urbanczyk ◽  
Paul V. Dunlap
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pump ◽  
Photobacterium Leiognathi ◽  
Content Organization ◽  
Luminous Bacteria

ABSTRACT Sequence analysis of the bacterial luminescence (lux) genes has proven effective in helping resolve evolutionary relationships among luminous bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis using lux genes, however, is based on the assumptions that the lux genes are present as single copies on the bacterial chromosome and are vertically inherited. We report here that certain strains of Photobacterium leiognathi carry multiple phylogenetically distinct copies of the entire operon that codes for luminescence and riboflavin synthesis genes, luxCDABEG-ribEBHA. Merodiploid lux-rib strains of P. leiognathi were detected during sequence analysis of luxA. To define the gene content, organization, and sequence of each lux-rib operon, we constructed a fosmid library of genomic DNA from a representative merodiploid strain, lnuch.13.1. Sequence analysis of fosmid clones and genomic analysis of lnuch.13.1 defined two complete, physically separate, and apparently functional operons, designated lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2. P. leiognathi strains lelon.2.1 and lnuch.21.1 were also found to carry lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2, whereas ATCC 25521T apparently carries only lux-rib 1. In lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, lnuch.21.1, and ATCC 25521T, lux-rib 1 is flanked upstream by lumQ and putA and downstream by a gene for a hypothetical multidrug efflux pump. In contrast, transposase genes flank lux-rib 2 of lnuch.13.1, and the chromosomal location of lux-rib 2 apparently differs in lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, and lnuch.21.1. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2 are more closely related to each other than either one is to the lux and rib genes of other bacterial species, which rules out interspecies lateral gene transfer as the origin of lux-rib 2 in P. leiognathi; lux-rib 2 apparently arose within a previously unsampled or extinct P. leiognathi lineage. Analysis of 170 additional strains of P. leiognathi, for a total of 174 strains examined from coastal waters of Japan, Taiwan, the Philippine Islands, and Thailand, identified 106 strains that carry only a single lux-rib operon and 68 that carry multiple lux-rib operons. Strains bearing a single lux-rib operon were obtained throughout the geographic sampling range, whereas lux-rib merodiploid strains were found only in coastal waters of central Honshu. This is the first report of merodiploidy of lux or rib genes in a luminous bacterium and the first indication that a natural merodiploid state in bacteria can correlate with geography.

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