scholarly journals Bark proportion of Scots pine industrial wood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferréol Berendt ◽  
Erik Pegel ◽  
Lubomir Blasko ◽  
Tobias Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Wood Supply ◽  
Volume Proportion ◽  
Bark Damage ◽  
Mass Proportion ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean

AbstractBark characteristics are not only used in the forest-wood supply chain, for example to calculate standing volumes, but also to transform wood volumes and masses. In this study, bark thickness, bark volume and bark mass were analyzed on the basis of 150 Scots pine discs, with a mean diameter of 13 cm. The mean double bark thickness was 3.02 mm, the mean bark volume proportion was 5.6% and mean bark mass proportion was 3.3%. Bark proportions were significantly affected by the log-specific variables ‘diameter over bark’, ‘proportion of bark damage’ and ‘double bark thickness’.

scholarly journals Bark Characteristics of Scots Pine Logs

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Ferréol Berendt ◽  
Erik Pegel ◽  
Lubomir Blasko ◽  
Tobias Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Bark Damage ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
High Degree

The wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shows good properties as building and construction timber but also as furniture or pulp and paper, and thus, is one of the most commercially important European tree species. Scots pine are mostly harvested and processed with a high degree of mechanization. In Northeast Germany (federal states of Brandenburg and Berlin), 36% of harvested Scots pine have a diameter at breast height (DBH) between 7 and 19.9 cm. As a typical industrial wood assortment, a large proportion of the resulting small-sized logs are used in the wood industry to produce boards. Although bark is considered a by-product or waste product of the industry, no actual study has quantified the bark thickness, bark volume, bark mass and bark damage of such Scots pine logs. Therefore, the bark characteristics from 50 logs from 10 different piles were analyzed. Bark volume was quantified using the water displacement method, bark mass by weighing, bark thickness with a precision caliper and bark damage by tape measurements. The diameters of the analyzed 150 log discs were normally distributed and the mean value was 12.9 cm. The results showed average bark damages from 12.0%, which were mostly caused during the felling and processing of logs with the harvester. No significant correlation was found between double bark thickness (mean: 3.0 mm) and the diameter; whereas fresh bark volume (mean: 5.6%) and dry bark mass (mean: 3.3%) were significantly affected by the diameter. As shown for spruce by other authors, bark characteristics may change over time and therefore, should be measured regularly. Moreover, it was shown that bark parameters are site dependent. Thus, quantifying bark characteristics for economically important tree species at both the local and national scale is of great relevance. More detailed analyzes are described by Berendt et al. (2021) [1].

scholarly journals Modelling Bark Thickness of Norway Spruce (Picea abies Karst)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Jusuf Musić ◽  
Velid Halilović ◽  
Jelena Knežević ◽  
Admir Avdagić ◽  
Aida Ibrahimspahić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Optimal Model ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Actual Method

Background and Purpose: Bark thickness and its share in the volume of roundwood are the most important characteristics of the bark, particularly in the process of timber harvesting, and during scaling of processed logs. Therefore it is very important to have at disposal relatively accurate data regarding these characteristics of bark for particular tree species. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the thickness of the bark and its share in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the area of the Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and it encompassed 393 trees of Norway spruce from 10 cm to 115 cm of thickness at breast height. Measuring of the mean diameter and double thickness of bark was conducted by section method. In total, 4,647 diameters and bark thicknesses were measured in different relative lengths of stems or in average 10.6 measurements per one stem. Results: As an optimal model for the evaluation of double thickness of the bark of Norway spruce depending on mean diameter of roundwood the function with designated determination coefficient of 0.7142 was selected. The obtained results have confirmed the previously defined relations of investigate characteristics, which are as following: a) with the increase of mean diameter of roundwood (section) double bark thickness is increased from 9.26 mm (thickness class 12.5 cm) to 31.65 mm (thickness class 92.5 cm); b) with the increase of mean diameter of roundwood the share of bark in its volume decreased from 14.26% (thickness class 12.5 cm) to 6.73% (thickness class 92.5 cm). Conclusions: By the actual method of estimating bark thickness or the share of bark in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce in the forestry of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina a significant error was created which increases with the increase of mean diameter. The obtained results point to the necessity of investigation of these bark characteristics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and represent an inevitable starting point for making adequate tables of bark thickness and its percentage share in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce.

scholarly journals Estimation of Over- and Under-Bark Volume of Scots Pine Timber Produced by Harvesters

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Monika Sedmíková ◽  
Radim Löwe ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Pavel Natov ◽  
Rostislav Linda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Reference Price ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Partial Volumes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Volume Estimates

Harvesters produce one third of timber in Czechia. The aim of this study was to analyze the over- and under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) timber produced by a mid-performance harvester. The data were collected between March 2017 and June 2018. In total, 4661 stems cut into 29,834 logs were analyzed. For volume estimation, StanForD offers several price categories using various algorithms. Three of these price categories are relevant for Czech forestry—M3s, M3toDE, and M3miDE. The M3s price category is based on the estimation of partial volumes of 10 cm long sections, which are summed. Therefore, this price category represents the volume estimation closest to the true volume. By comparison, the M3toDE and M3miDE price categories use the same algorithm for volume estimation, which is based on the Huber formula using a midspan diameter rounded down to the nearest whole centimeter. The M3toDE price category underestimated the over-bark volume by 6.48% compared to the reference price category M3s. The mean log volume estimated through the M3s price category was significantly higher than the M3toDE volume both in individual grades and without grading. We found significant differences between under-bark volume estimates by the diameter band bark deduction method (DBM) and the parametric linear bark deduction method (PLM) used in harvester’s systems according to the Guidelines for Electronic Scaling of Timber for Harvesters in Czechia (GEH) for Scots pine butt logs with rough bark, and also for other logs with normal bark thickness. To obtain under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine timber that are comparable with the Guidelines for Timber Scaling in Czechia (GTS) using the parametric nonlinear bark deduction method (PNM), we recommend using the algorithm of the M3toDE price category, with double bark thickness determined by the diameter band bark deduction method.

Non-isothermal crystallization behavior of spinel crystals in FeO-SiO2-TiO2-V2O3-Cr2O3 slag

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Lixiong Shao ◽  
Jiang Diao ◽  
Wang Zhou ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Bing Xie
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Crystallization Behavior ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Vanadium Slag ◽  
Growth Behaviour ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Chromium Spinel ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean

The growth behaviour of spinel crystals in vanadium slag with high Cr2O3 content was investigated and clarified by statistical analyses based on the Crystal Size Distribution (CSD) theory. The results indicate that low cooling rate and Cr2O3 content benefit the growth of spinel crystals. The chromium spinel crystals firstly precipitated and then acted as the heterogeneous nuclei of vanadium and titanium spinel crystals. The growth mechanisms of the spinel crystals at the cooling rate of 5 K/min consist two regimes: firstly, nucleation control in the temperature range of 1873 to 1773 K, in which the shapes of CSD curves are asymptotic; secondly, surface and supply control within the temperature range of 1773 to 1473 K, in which the shapes of CSD curves are lognormal. The mean diameter of spinel crystals increases from 3.97 to 52.21 µm with the decrease of temperature from 1873 to 1473 K.

CONTROLLABLE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION SYNTHESIS OF SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOTUBES USING MIST FLOW METHOD

NANO ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 07 (06) ◽  
pp. 1250045 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUN SUN ◽  
RYO KITAURA ◽  
TAKUYA NAKAYAMA ◽  
YASUMITSU MIYATA ◽  
HISANORI SHINOHARA
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Flow Method ◽  
Mist Flow ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean

The influences of synthesis parameters on the mean diameter and diameter distribution of as-grown single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using the mist flow method have been investigated in detail with Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We found that CVD reaction temperature and flow rate play an essential role in controlling the mean diameter and the quality of as-grown SWCNTs. Furthermore, we found that the carbon supply kinetics can be a dominant factor to determine the diameter of as-grown SWCNTs in the present mist flow method. Under a different combination of various parameters, the mean diameter of SWCNTs can be varied from 0.9 nm to 1.5 nm controllably.

Initial Clinical Experience with Percutaneous Atherectomy in the Infragenicular Arteries

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zeller ◽  
Ulrich Frank ◽  
Karlheinz Bürgelin ◽  
Uwe Schwarzwälder ◽  
Peter-Christian Flügel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Balloon Angioplasty ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Peroneal Artery ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Anterior Tibial Artery ◽  
Tibial Artery ◽  
Below The Knee ◽  
Directional Atherectomy ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new atherectomy device for the treatment of infragenicular lesions in arteries with a reference diameter of at least 2.5 mm. Methods: Twenty-seven below-the-knee lesions in 17 patients (12 men; mean age 69±12 years) with chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease were treated with directional atherectomy. The target lesion was in the popliteal artery (segment 3) in 2 (7%) cases, the tibioperoneal trunk in 12 (44%), the peroneal artery in 8 (30%), the anterior tibial artery in 2 (7%), and the posterior tibial artery in 3 (11%). Six (22%) of the lesions were in-stent stenoses. The mean diameter stenosis was 87%±9%, and the mean lesion length was 34±24 mm. Results: All but 2 (7%) of the lesions could be treated successfully (residual stenosis <30%) with the atherectomy catheter (93% technical success) using an average of 5±2 (range 1–10) passes of the device. Six lesions (22%) were treated after predilation and 21 (78%) with primary atherectomy. In 8 (30%) lesions, additional balloon angioplasty was performed. The 2 failures were in heavily calcified lesions through which the device could not pass despite predilation. The mean diameter stenosis after atherectomy was 14%±22% (range 0%–90%); after additional balloon angioplasty, the mean residual stenoses reduced to 12%±21% (range 0%–100%). One (6%) of the 2 patients who failed atherectomy sustained a thrombotic occlusion of the target vessel. This complication was treated successfully with local lysis, but the vessel reoccluded 3 days later; a stent was implanted. The mean ankle-brachial index increased from 0.50±0.27 to 0.86±0.40 before discharge. Conclusions: Below-the-knee native vessel lesions and in-stent restenoses with a diameter of at least 2.5 mm can be treated successfully and safely with this new atherectomy catheter. Additional balloon angioplasty was necessary in only a few cases.

Mean Diameters in Parallel-Flow and Counter-Flow Aerosol Systems

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. T. Hollands ◽  
K. C. Goel
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Parallel Flow ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Counter Flow ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Definition Of

The general concept of the mean diameter of the disperse phase of an aerosol system, first introduced by Mugele and Evans in 1951, has proven to be a very useful one. In this concept, the proper mean diameter, xp,q, is characterized by a single pair of indices, p and q, which are dependent on the actual type of aerosol system under consideration. This paper re-examines the validity of this concept of mean diameter in heat and mass transfer aerosol systems. The concept is found to be applicable only under a very narrow range of conditions. Attention is then given to a more general definition of a mean diameter, applicable to aerosol heat or mass exchangers. Analyses of these devices shows that the more general mean diameter is a function of the capacity rate ratio, R, and effectiveness of the heat exchanger, ε. Solutions to the governing equations have permitted the mean diameter to be presented graphically as a function of these variables. These solutions are given for two types of particle size distributions, the Rosin-Rammler and the log-probability, and for both parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchangers. The solutions are, however, restricted to cases where the resistance to heat or mass transfer lies exclusively in the continuous phase.

scholarly journals Nanometer Scale Tomographic Investigation of Fine Scale Precipitates in a CuFeNi Granular System by Three-Dimensional Field Ion Microscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1129-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Cazottes ◽  
François Vurpillot ◽  
Abdeslem Fnidiki ◽  
Dany Lemarchand ◽  
Marcello Baricco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Granular System ◽  
Field Ion Microscopy ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ion Microscopy

AbstractThe microstructure of Cu80Fe10Ni10 (at. %) granular ribbons was investigated by means of three-dimensional field ion microscopy (3D FIM). This ribbon is composed of magnetic precipitates embedded in a nonmagnetic matrix. The magnetic precipitates have a diameter smaller than 5 nm in the as-spun state and are coherent with the matrix. No accurate characterization of such a microstructure has been performed so far. A tomographic characterization of the microstructure of melt spun and annealed Cu80Fe10Ni10 ribbon was achieved with 3D FIM at the atomic scale. A precise determination of the size distribution, number density, and distance between the precipitates was carried out. The mean diameter for the precipitates is 4 nm in the as-spun state. After 2 h at 350°C, there is an increase of the size of the precipitates, while after 2 h at 400°C the mean diameter of the precipitates decreases. Those data were used as inputs in models that describe the magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of this alloy.

Strategic action grids: a study on supply chain risk management in manufacturing industries in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 3045-3061 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Viswanath Shenoi ◽  
T.N. Srikantha Dath ◽  
C. Rajendran ◽  
P. Shahabudeen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Robust Supply Chain

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide strategic recommendations to supply chain managers of Indian manufacturing industries for a robust supply chain related to risk management by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers in manufacturing industries to ensure a robust supply chain risk management (SCRM). Design/methodology/approach Importance-performance analysis (IPA) is utilized to identify and provide strategic recommendations to manufacturing industries for improving their supply chain performance by attaching due importance to risk constructs and appropriately choosing mitigation strategies. Findings The investigation using the strategic action grids reveals that most of the means of risks are near the point of intersection of the grand means of the risk constructs and their impact on the supply chain, indicating that all the risks have the equal likelihood of occurrence. The mean importance of risk monitoring, risk avoidance (RA) and risk sharing surpass the mean performance for both OEMs and suppliers. Research limitations/implications The study is executed with following limitations: the study assumes that the manufacturing industries across different sectors perceive similar risk. The sectors considered are automotive, heavy engineering, general engineering and home appliances. The Southern States of India are considered because of the dominant presence of many industries, especially automotive industries. However, it should be noted that these States form the manufacturing hubs where the lead organizations are functioning along with their major suppliers. Practical implications By understanding the importance of SCRM dimensions and utilization of these dimensions, firms can mitigate the impact of risk on the supply chain. The detailed study of SCRM strategies highlights the importance attached to risk factors, mitigation strategies, and top management commitment. By the implementation of SCRM strategies, supply chain managers can improve the firm’s performance. Originality/value The study involves empirically validated data on SCRM dimensions. The IPA is performed on the SCRM dimensions to investigate the importance attached to the factors of the dimensions and their performance.

scholarly journals The 443-Year Tree-Ring Chronology for the Scots Pine from Upper Silesia (Poland) as A Dating Tool and Climate Proxy

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Opała
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Ring Chronology ◽  
Series Length ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
Living Tree ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
The Mean

Abstract An annually resolved and absolutely dated ring-width chronology spanning 443 years has been constructed using the historical and living-tree Scots pine samples from the Upper Silesia, south of Poland. The constructed regional chronology, based on six object chronologies, covers the period of 1568-2010. It is composed of 178 wood samples with the mean correlation of 0.51, mean series length of 104 years and mean EPS of 0.85. In total, 65 extreme years were distinguished. Their inde-pendent verification, based on the historical and meteorological data, showed significant correlation with the exceptionally cold/mild winters as well as severe droughts. The comparison of the extreme years with the other Polish pine chronologies showed similarities in the years with the anomalous winter conditions. Some extreme years can be associated with the exceptional pluvial conditions; these years are common in the Central European hydroclimatic tree-ring records. The construction of this regional pine chronology enables for the absolute dating of many architectural monuments from investigated region. The application of the new chronology for the dating of local wood can support interpretations of changes in the environment of the Upper Silesian region. In the future it can also be used as the basis for climate reconstruction.

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