scholarly journals Hemp and buckwheat are valuable sources of dietary amino acids, beneficially modulating gastrointestinal hormones and promoting satiety in healthy volunteers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalina Neacsu ◽  
Nicholas J. Vaughan ◽  
Salvatore Multari ◽  
Elisabeth Haljas ◽  
Lorraine Scobbie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Fava Bean ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose This study evaluated the postprandial effects following consumption of buckwheat, fava bean, pea, hemp and lupin compared to meat (beef); focussing on biomarkers of satiety, gut hormones, aminoacids and plant metabolites bioavailability and metabolism. Methods Ten subjects (n = 3 men; n = 7 women; 42 ± 11.8 years of age; BMI 26 ± 5.8 kg/m2) participated in six 1-day independent acute interventions, each meal containing 30 g of protein from buckwheat, fava bean, pea, hemp, lupin and meat (beef). Blood samples were collected during 24-h and VAS questionnaires over 5-h. Results Volunteers consumed significantly higher amounts of most amino acids from the meat meal, and with few exceptions, postprandial composition of plasma amino acids was not significantly different after consuming the plant-based meals. Buckwheat meal was the most satious (300 min hunger scores, p < 0.05).Significant increase in GLP-1 plasma (AUC, iAUC p = 0.01) found after hemp compared with the other plant-based meals. Decreased plasma ghrelin concentrations (iAUC p < 0.05) found on plant (hemp) vs. meat meal. Several plasma metabolites after hemp meal consumption were associated with hormone trends (partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA): 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, indole 3-pyruvic acid, 5-hydoxytryptophan, genistein and biochanin A with GLP-1, PYY and insulin; 3-hydroxymandelic acid and luteolidin with GLP-1 and ghrelin and 4-hydroxymandelic acid, benzoic acid and secoisolariciresinol with insulin and ghrelin. Plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), (iAUC, p < 0.001); and phenylalanine and tyrosine (iAUC, p < 0.05) were lower after buckwheat comparison with meat meal. Conclusion Plants are valuable sources of amino acids which are promoting satiety. The impact of hemp and buckwheat on GLP-1 and, respectively, BCAAs should be explored further as could be relevant for aid and prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Study registered with clinicaltrial.gov on 12th July 2013, study ID number: NCT01898351.

scholarly journals Impact of Melatonin and Branched-Chain Amino Acids Cosupplementation on Quality of Life, Fatigue, and Nutritional Status in Cachectic Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
pp. 155982761987404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Jafari-Vayghan ◽  
Jalal Moludi ◽  
Sevda Saleh-Ghadimi ◽  
Elgar Enamzadeh ◽  
Mir Hossein Seyed-Mohammadzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cardiac cachexia (CC) adversely affects the lifestyle of heart failure (HF) patients. The current study examined the impact of melatonin cosupplementation and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on quality of life (QoL), fatigue, and nutritional status in cachectic HF patients. Methods: In this trial, 84 CC patients were randomized to melatonin, BCAAs, or coadministration (both) as intervention groups and a control group over 8 weeks. At baseline and postintervention, QoL, fatigue, and nutritional status were assessed. Results: After intervention, improvement in the overall and physical dimensions of QoL and appetite score were found to be statistically significant in the BCAAs (P < .001) and the melatonin+BCAAs (P < .001) groups compared with the placebo group. The emotional dimension score was significantly lower in the BCAAs group compared with the placebo group (P = .001). There was a statistically significant improvement in fatigue severity in all 3 intervention groups compared with the placebo group. The nutrition risk index (NRI) score increased significantly only in the melatonin group (P = .015), and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P = .804). Conclusions: Cosupplementation with BCAAs and melatonin improved QoL, fatigue status, and appetite in cachectic HF patients but did not affect NRI.

scholarly journals A Plant-Based Meal Increases Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Processed-Meat Meal in T2D, Obese, and Healthy Men: A Three-Group Randomized Crossover Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Klementova ◽  
Lenka Thieme ◽  
Martin Haluzik ◽  
Renata Pavlovicova ◽  
Martin Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Gastrointestinal hormones are involved in regulation of glucose metabolism and satiety. We tested the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. A randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat and cheese (M-meal) and a vegan meal with tofu (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 20), obese men (O, n = 20), and healthy men (H, n = 20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Visual analogue scale was used to assess satiety. We used repeated-measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical analysis. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 increased after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95%CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95%CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p = 0.01). Postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin increased in in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95%CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p < 0.001); by 11.5% in O (95%CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p = 0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95%CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p < 0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95%CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p = 0.03). Satiety was greater in all participants after the V-meal: by 9% in T2D (95%CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p = 0.004); by 18.7% in O (95%CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p < 0.001); and by 25% in H (95%CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal with tofu when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meat and cheese meal, in healthy, obese and diabetic men.

scholarly journals Time-Restricted Feeding a High-fat Diet in Mice Elevates Plasma Concentration of Saturated Fatty Acids but Reduces Concentrations of Multiple Amino Acids (OR27-02-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bret Rust ◽  
Aaron Mehus ◽  
Joseph Idso ◽  
Matthew Picklo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Branched Chain

Abstract Objectives Obesity and obesity-related disease contribute to health care costs and pose serious health risks. Rodent studies indicate that time-restricted feeding (TRF) may be effective in reducing adiposity and metabolic disease associated with obesity. However, the metabolic pathways impacted by TRF in the context of obesogenic, high-fat (HF) diets need clarity. In the present work we examined the metabolomic changes in plasma induced by TRF of a HF diet in mice compared to a HF diet eaten ad libitum (AL) vs AL intake of a low-fat (LF) control diet. Methods Male mice (12 weeks old) were fed a LF-AL diet (16%en fat), a HF-AL diet (48%en fat) or a HF diet restricted to feeding for 12 hours per day during the dark phase (HF-TRF). In week 9 of the study, energy expenditure data were collected. After 12 weeks, animals were fasted and plasma collected for clinical chemistries and metabolomic analysis. Multivariate analysis was used to discriminate diet treatments in untargeted metabolomic data. Results Energy expenditure measurements throughout the day showed a markedly reduced fasting respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in HF-TRF mice during the inactive (light) phase compared to AL groups. Measures of insulin resistance, while increased with HF-AL intake, were resolved in the HF-TRF group. Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and amino acids (AA) to be important discriminators between diet treatments. TRF resulted in elevated NEFA concentrations of the saturated fatty acids (12:0 to 18:0) and the polyunsaturated fatty acids α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid compared to HF-AL. Conversely, the concentrations of aromatic and branched chain amino acids were reduced in HF-TRF mice compared to HF-AL mice. Conclusions Alterations in plasma metabolites following TRF of a HF diet are consistent with greater lipid utilization during the inactive phase as reflected in the RER. Decreases in the aromatic and branched chain amino acid concentrations are consistent with improved insulin sensitivity in humans. Funding Sources This work was supported by USDA-ARS project 3062-51000-053-00D. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Branched-chain Amino Acids: Catabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Implications for Muscle and Whole-body Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Mann ◽  
Stephen Mora ◽  
Glory Madu ◽  
Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Impaired Metabolism ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are critical for skeletal muscle and whole-body anabolism and energy homeostasis. They also serve as signaling molecules, for example, being able to activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This has implication for macronutrient metabolism. However, elevated circulating levels of BCAAs and of their ketoacids as well as impaired catabolism of these amino acids (AAs) are implicated in the development of insulin resistance and its sequelae, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and of some cancers, although other studies indicate supplements of these AAs may help in the management of some chronic diseases. Here, we first reviewed the catabolism of these AAs especially in skeletal muscle as this tissue contributes the most to whole body disposal of the BCAA. We then reviewed emerging mechanisms of control of enzymes involved in regulating BCAA catabolism. Such mechanisms include regulation of their abundance by microRNA and by post translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. We also reviewed implications of impaired metabolism of BCAA for muscle and whole-body metabolism. We comment on outstanding questions in the regulation of catabolism of these AAs, including regulation of the abundance and post-transcriptional/post-translational modification of enzymes that regulate BCAA catabolism, as well the impact of circadian rhythm, age and mTORC1 on these enzymes. Answers to such questions may facilitate emergence of treatment/management options that can help patients suffering from chronic diseases linked to impaired metabolism of the BCAAs.

scholarly journals The Impact of Amino Acids on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Kinetics in Humans: A Quantitative Overview

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3211
Author(s):  
Bart van Sloun ◽  
Gijs H. Goossens ◽  
Balazs Erdos ◽  
Michael Lenz ◽  
Natal van Riel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Insulin Kinetics ◽  
Glucose Intake ◽  
Acute Ingestion ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Healthy Participants

Different amino acids (AAs) may exert distinct effects on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. A quantitative comparison of the effects of AAs on glucose and insulin kinetics in humans is currently lacking. PubMed was queried to identify intervention studies reporting glucose and insulin concentrations after acute ingestion and/or intravenous infusion of AAs in healthy adults and those living with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The systematic literature search identified 55 studies that examined the effects of l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-alanine, l-glutamine, l-arginine, l-lysine, glycine, l-proline, l-phenylalanine, l-glutamate, branched-chain AAs (i.e., l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine), and multiple individual l-AAs on glucose and insulin concentrations. Oral ingestion of most individual AAs induced an insulin response, but did not alter glucose concentrations in healthy participants. Specific AAs (i.e., leucine and isoleucine) co-ingested with glucose exerted a synergistic effect on the postprandial insulin response and attenuated the glucose response compared to glucose intake alone in healthy participants. Oral AA ingestion as well as intravenous AA infusion was able to stimulate an insulin response and decrease glucose concentrations in T2DM and obese individuals. The extracted information is publicly available and can serve multiple purposes such as computational modeling.

scholarly journals Altered Dairy Protein Intake Does Not Alter Circulatory Branched Chain Amino Acids in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utpal Prodhan ◽  
Amber Milan ◽  
Eric Thorstensen ◽  
Matthew Barnett ◽  
Ralph Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Dairy Intake ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Dairy Protein ◽  
The Impact

Dairy, as a major component of a high protein diet, is a critical dietary source of branched chain amino acids (BCAA), which are biomarkers of health and diseases. While BCAA are known to be key stimulators of protein synthesis, elevated circulatory BCAA is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study examined the impact of altered dairy intake on plasma BCAA and their potential relationship to insulin sensitivity. Healthy adults (n = 102) were randomized to receive dietary advice to reduce, maintain, or increase habitual dairy intake for 1 month. Food intake was recorded with food frequency questionnaires. Self-reported protein intake from dairy was reported to be reduced (−14.6 ± 3.0 g/day), maintained (−4.0 ± 2.0 g/day) or increased (+13.8 ± 4.1 g/day) according to group allocation. No significant alterations in circulating free amino acids (AA), including BCAA, were measured. Insulin sensitivity, as assessed by homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), was also unaltered. A significant change in dairy protein intake showed no significant effect on fasting circulatory BCAA and insulin sensitivity in healthy populations.

scholarly journals Diet-derived fruit and vegetable metabolites suggest sex-specific mechanisms conferring protection against osteoporosis in humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey M. Mangano ◽  
Sabrina E. Noel ◽  
Chao-Qiang Lai ◽  
Jacob J. Christensen ◽  
Jose M. Ordovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Caffeine Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Osteoporosis Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of nutrition on the metabolic profile of osteoporosis is incompletely characterized. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to detangle the association of fruit and vegetable (FV) intakes with osteoporosis prevalence. Dietary, anthropometric and blood plasma metabolite data were examined from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study, a cohort of 600 individuals (age 46-79yr). High FV intake was protective against osteoporosis prevalence. Associations of 525 plasma metabolites were assessed with fruit and vegetable intake, and separately with osteoporosis status. Several biological processes affiliated with the FV-associating metabolites, including caffeine metabolism, carnitines and fatty acids, and glycerophospholipids. For osteoporosis-associated metabolites, important processes were steroid hormone biosynthesis in women, and branched-chain amino acid metabolism in men. In all instances, the metabolite patterns differed greatly between sexes, arguing for a stratified nutrition approach in recommending FV intakes to improve bone health. Factors derived from principal components analysis of the FV intakes were correlated with the osteoporosis-associated metabolites, with high intake of dark leafy greens and berries/melons appearing protective in both sexes. These data warrant investigation into whether increasing intakes of dark leafy greens, berries and melons causally affect bone turnover and BMD among adults at risk for osteoporosis via sex-specific metabolic pathways, and how gene-diet interactions alter these sex-specific metabolomic-osteoporosis links.

scholarly journals Branched-chain amino acid interactions in growing pig diets1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1246-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Keto Acid ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) Leu, Ile, and Val share the first steps of their catabolism due to similarities in their structure. The BCAA are reversibly transaminated in skeletal muscle through the activity of branched-chain aminotransferase and then transported to the liver. They undergo an irreversible decarboxylation catalyzed by the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Both enzymes are common to Leu, Ile, and Val and increased enzymatic activity stimulated by an excess of one of them will increase the catabolism of all BCAA, which can result in antagonisms. Leucine and its keto acid are the most potent stimulators of BCAA catabolic enzymes. Moreover, BCAA and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) share common brain transporters. Research has shown that high concentrations of BCAA, especially Leu, can decrease the absorption of LNAA, such as Trp, which is a precursor of serotonin and can have a significant impact in feed intake regulation. Finally, high Leu concentrations have the ability to overstimulate the mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in an inhibitory effect on feed intake. Most of the research conducted to evaluate the impact of BCAA on growth performance of pigs seems to agree that high levels of Leu decrease weight gain, mostly due to a reduction in feed intake. However, some studies, mostly with finishing pigs, observed no evidence for an impact on growth performance even with extremely high levels of Leu. It could be hypothesized that these inconsistencies are driven by the entire dietary amino acid profile as opposed to only considering the level of Leu. Grow-finish diets typically contain high levels of Leu, but the other BCAA are also well above the requirement and could potentially mitigate the negative impact of Leu on BCAA catabolism. Indeed, some studies suggest that when diets contain high levels of Leu, more Ile and Val are needed to optimize growth performance. However, the precise relationship between BCAA and their balance in swine diets is not fully understood. More research is needed to understand and quantify the relationship between LNAA and BCAA.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Metabolomic Profile Trajectories in Healthy Pregnancy and Variation by BMI and Fetal Sex

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1041-1041
Author(s):  
Susanna D Mitro ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Mohammad Rahman ◽  
Mengying Li ◽  
Stefanie Hinkle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Fetal Sex ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Maternal Bmi

Abstract Objectives Maternal plasma metabolites have been linked with pregnancy outcomes, and two studies reported that metabolite levels differ by trimester. However, dynamic metabolite trajectories in normal pregnancy have not been characterized. We examined metabolite trajectories and tested whether trajectories differed by maternal body mass index (BMI) or fetal sex. Methods We quantified 3 panels of targeted metabolites—37 amino acids, 37 phospholipid fatty acids and 28 acylcarnitines—in blood samples collected longitudinally from 214 pregnant women (at 10–14, 15–26, 26–31, and 33–39 weeks, staggered to sample most weeks of pregnancy). Participants were healthy controls in a nested case-control study in the Fetal Growth Studies—Singletons. We used linear mixed models to estimate metabolite trajectories and evaluate if trajectories varied by maternal BMI (&lt;25, 25–29.9, 30) or fetal sex. We used novel methods such as hierarchical clustering to group metabolite trajectories. Results Concentrations of most carnitines, 57% of fatty acids, and 24% of amino acids (e.g., branched chain amino acids) significantly decreased over pregnancy; 22% of fatty acids and 24% of amino acids (e.g., threonine, histidine) significantly increased. Trajectories of 2 carnitines (propionylcarnitine and stearoylcarnitine) and 3 fatty acids (15:0, 17:0, 22:0) significantly differed by sex. Trajectories of dodecenoylcarnitine, 2 fatty acids and 2 fatty acid ratios (17:0, 20:3n6, AA/DHA, AA/(DHA + EPA)) significantly differed by BMI: specifically, 17:0, AA/DHA, and AA/(DHA + EPA) decreased less over pregnancy for women with high BMI. Conclusions Concentrations of most metabolites significantly changed during pregnancy, and trajectories of some carnitines and fatty acids differed significantly by maternal BMI and fetal sex. Future pregnancy metabolomics studies should consider BMI, fetal sex, and multiple samples across pregnancy. Funding Sources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

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