scholarly journals The categorical use of a continuous time representation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Beracci ◽  
Julio Santiago ◽  
Marco Fabbri
Keyword(s):  
Distance Effect ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Time Representation ◽  
Categorical Representation ◽  
Oriented Line ◽  
Temporal Expressions ◽  
Clear Distance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spatially Oriented

AbstractThe abstract concept of time is mentally represented as a spatially oriented line, with the past associated with the left space and the future associated with the right. Although the line is supposed to be continuous, most available evidence is also consistent with a categorical representation that only discriminates between past and future. The aim of the present study was to test the continuous or categorical nature of the mental timeline. Italian participants judged the temporal reference of 20 temporal expressions by pressing keys on either the left or the right. In Experiment 1 (N = 32), all words were presented at the center of the screen. In Experiment 2 (N = 32), each word was presented on the screen in a central, left, or right position. In Experiment 3 (N = 32), all text was mirror-reversed. In all experiments, participants were asked to place the 20 temporal expressions on a 10-cm line. The results showed a clear Spatial–TEmporal Association of Response Codes (STEARC) effect which did not vary in strength depending on the location of the temporal expressions on the line. However, there was also a clear Distance effect: latencies were slower for words that were closer to the present than further away. We conclude that the mental timeline is a continuous representation that can be used in a categorical way when an explicit past vs. future discrimination is required by the task.

Is the Future the Right Time?

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ouellet ◽  
Julio Santiago ◽  
Ziv Israeli ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Task ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Mental Time Line ◽  
The Right

Spanish and English speakers tend to conceptualize time as running from left to right along a mental line. Previous research suggests that this representational strategy arises from the participants’ exposure to a left-to-right writing system. However, direct evidence supporting this assertion suffers from several limitations and relies only on the visual modality. This study subjected to a direct test the reading hypothesis using an auditory task. Participants from two groups (Spanish and Hebrew) differing in the directionality of their orthographic system had to discriminate temporal reference (past or future) of verbs and adverbs (referring to either past or future) auditorily presented to either the left or right ear by pressing a left or a right key. Spanish participants were faster responding to past words with the left hand and to future words with the right hand, whereas Hebrew participants showed the opposite pattern. Our results demonstrate that the left-right mapping of time is not restricted to the visual modality and that the direction of reading accounts for the preferred directionality of the mental time line. These results are discussed in the context of a possible mechanism underlying the effects of reading direction on highly abstract conceptual representations.

Management of Recurrent Vestibular Neuritis in a Patient Treated for Rheumatoid Arthritis

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Vestibular Neuritis ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Clinical Report ◽  
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential ◽  
Current Case ◽  
The Right ◽  
Function Testing

PurposeThis clinical report is presented to describe how results of vestibular function testing were considered along with other medical history to develop a management plan that was ultimately successful.MethodThe patient underwent audio-vestibular assessment including comprehensive audiogram, videonystagmography, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential, and postural stability testing.ResultsResults from initial testing were most consistent with uncompensated peripheral vestibular dysfunction affecting the right superior vestibular nerve. These results, considered along with history and symptoms, supported vestibular neuritis. After a second vertigo event, we became concerned about the potential temporal association between the patient's rheumatoid arthritis treatment and symptom onset. It is established that treatment for rheumatoid arthritis can exacerbate latent viral issues, but this has not specifically been reported for vestibular neuritis. There are reports in the literature in which patients successfully used viral suppressant medication to decrease viral activity while they were able to continue benefiting from immunosuppressive therapy. We hypothesized that, if the current patient's vestibular neuritis events were related to her treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, she may also benefit from use of viral suppressant medication while continuing her otherwise successful immunosuppressive intervention.ConclusionsPatients treated with biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are more susceptible to viral issues, and this may include vestibular neuritis. For the current case, identifying this possibility and recommending viral suppressant medication allowed her to continue with successful treatment of rheumatoid arthritis while avoiding additional vertigo events.

scholarly journals Space-time clustering characteristics of dengue based on ecological, socio-economic and demographic factors in northern Sri Lanka

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumiko Anno ◽  
Keiji Imaoka ◽  
Takeo Tadono ◽  
Tamotsu Igarashi ◽  
Subramaniam Sivaganesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Stable Model ◽  
The Right ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

The aim of the present study was to identify geographical areas and time periods of potential clusters of dengue cases based on ecological, socio-economic and demographic factors in northern Sri Lanka from January 2010 to December 2013. Remote sensing (RS) was used to develop an index comprising rainfall, humidity and temperature data. Remote sensing data gathered by the AVNIR-2 instrument onboard the ALOS satellite were used to detect urbanisation, and a digital land cover map was used to extract land cover information. Other data on relevant factors and dengue outbreaks were collected through institutions and extant databases. The analysed RS data and databases were integrated into a geographical information system (GIS) enabling space-time clustering analysis. Our results indicate that increases in the number of combinations of ecological, socio-economic and demographic factors that are present or above the average contribute to significantly high rates of space-time dengue clusters. The spatio-temporal association that consolidates the two kinds of associations into one can ensure a more stable model for forecasting. An integrated spatiotemporal prediction model at a smaller level using ecological, socioeconomic and demographic factors could lead to substantial improvements in dengue control and prevention by allocating the right resources to the appropriate places at the right time.

Vancomycin-Related Eosinophilic Peritonitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 650-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell H. Rosner ◽  
Bed Chhatkuli
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Peripheral Eosinophilia ◽  
Clinical Context ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Right

Eosinophilic peritonitis (EP) is a well-described complication of peritoneal dialysis and is often associated with either a reaction to a constituent of the dialysis system (tubing, sterilant, or solution) or an underlying bacterial or fungal reaction. EP has also been described in the setting of icodextrin use. We report a case of EP associated with intraperitoneal vancomycin used in the treatment of peritonitis secondary to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Causation was based upon temporal association, negative cultures, concomitant peripheral eosinophilia, and resolution with cessation of vancomycin. Vancomycin allergy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of EP in the right clinical context. Negative bacterial and fungal cultures are essential to exclude other etiologies.

scholarly journals Object-guided Spatial Attention in Touch: Holding the Same Object with Both Hands Delays Attentional Selection

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Gillmeister ◽  
Julia Adler ◽  
Bettina Forster
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Somatosensory Processing ◽  
Common Object ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
The Right

Previous research has shown that attention to a specific location on a uniform visual object spreads throughout the entire object. Here we demonstrate that, similar to the visual system, spatial attention in touch can be object guided. We measured event-related brain potentials to tactile stimuli arising from objects held by observers' hands, when the hands were placed either near each other or far apart, holding two separate objects, or when they were far apart but holding a common object. Observers covertly oriented their attention to the left, to the right, or to both hands, following bilaterally presented tactile cues indicating likely tactile target location(s). Attentional modulations for tactile stimuli at attended compared to unattended locations were present in the time range of early somatosensory components only when the hands were far apart, but not when they were near. This was found to reflect enhanced somatosensory processing at attended locations rather than suppressed processing at unattended locations. Crucially, holding a common object with both hands delayed attentional selection, similar to when the hands were near. This shows that the proprioceptive distance effect on tactile attentional selection arises when distant event locations can be treated as separate and unconnected sources of tactile stimulation, but not when they form part of the same object. These findings suggest that, similar to visual attention, both space- and object-based attentional mechanisms can operate when we select between tactile events on our body surface.

scholarly journals PLACE OF METAPHOR IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND THEORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Technical Object ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
Creative Self ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spatially Oriented ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Control Interaction

The article analyzes metaphor through the prism of neurophysiological approach and theory of artificial intelligence. Also the most important concepts for management of technical object are considered: condition, algorithm and adaptation. Metaphor is an integral element of creative process, its necessary tool, it is metaphorical element in thinking, among others that promotes interaction of logical thinking with insight. Perception of an object means gaining "access" to those programs which control interaction with the object, i.e. through perception that is irrational, relative and limited in humans (and also limited in the robot), is a transition to the rational side of the brain where logical decisions are made. Metaphor and analogy, the abstract operate in the right hemisphere, which is the "producer" of creativity. Thus metaphor is extremely close to creativity and is one of the mechanisms of creative self-realization. Human brain evolved from the brain of animal that interacted with the environment without the help of language and which also has hemispheres of brain. If we consider language as one of the elements of brain improvement, it jeopardizes the approach of many psychologists who believe that language is primary. Animal does not use metaphor when it "communicates" with other animals: it gives signals and signs in its "direct" meaning, while man reinterprets some words through other ones where the spiritual is intertwined with the material. The vestibular apparatus, located in the temporal bone, controls the position of body in space and accelerates its movements, that is why language is spatially oriented, and hence metaphor is. Interestingly, the receptors are also present in the internal organs, such as those that control blood circulation or digestion. Existence of such receptors can explain existence of “occasional” metaphors based not on five known feelings.

Oculomotor Bias Induced by Number Perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Fischer ◽  
Nele Warlop ◽  
Robin L. Hill ◽  
Wim Fias
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Mental Number Line ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Number Magnitude ◽  
The Right ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Spatially Oriented ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract. Previous research with manual response methods has found evidence for an association between numbers and space. The present study investigated whether eye movements also show this association. Eye movement responses were recorded from 15 healthy participants as they categorized the digits 0-9 as odd or even. Responses were initiated faster to the left in response to small digits and faster to the right in response to large digits. Movement amplitudes were not systematically affected by either number magnitude or parity. These results provide further evidence for a spatially oriented “mental number line”.

The Mental Timeline in a Crossed-Hands Paradigm

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmgard de la Vega ◽  
Verena Eikmeier ◽  
Rolf Ulrich ◽  
Barbara Kaup
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Left Half ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right

Abstract. The existence of a lateral mental timeline is well established; in left-to-right writing cultures, past is associated with the left, future with the right. Accordingly, participants respond faster with the left to past, and with the right to future. Recent studies indicate that this association does not reverse when participants respond with their hands crossed. We investigated the role of instruction for this association in a crossed-hands paradigm. Participants classified the temporal reference of words by pressing a key on the left with their right hand, or a key on the right with their left. Half of the participants were instructed to respond with their right or left hand; the other half were instructed to respond with the left or right key. An interaction between time and key showed only for participants instructed to respond with the key, providing support for the role of extracorporal space for the mental timeline.

scholarly journals Pseudo-Wellens’ syndrome in pulmonary embolism

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e227464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yub Raj Sedhai ◽  
Soney Basnyat ◽  
Priyanka T Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Ecg Changes ◽  
T Wave ◽  
Wave Inversion ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Right Ventricular Strain ◽  
The Right

Wellens’ syndrome is described as characteristic biphasic or symmetrical T-wave inversion with normal precordial R-wave progression and the absence of Q waves in the right precordial leads. It is seen during chest pain-free interval in a subset of patients with unstable angina. Wellens’ syndrome is associated with critical stenosis of proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Similar characteristic ECG changes associated with causes other than LAD stenosis have been described as pseudo-Wellens’ syndrome. In this case report, we present a young 22-year-old man who presented with characteristic Wellens’ ECG changes in the setting of pulmonary embolism with right ventricular strain. T-wave inversion in right precordial leads is a well-recognised ECG manifestation of right ventricular strain; however, biphasic T waves in the setting of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary embolism was seen in our patient a week after starting risperidone. There is a reported association between antipsychotic drugs and increased risk of thromboembolism. Risperidone could have potentially contributed to the pulmonary embolism in our patient given the temporal association and absence of risk factors.

scholarly journals Hemispatial Neglect Shows That “Before” Is “Left”

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Bonato ◽  
Arnaud Saj ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Hemispatial Neglect ◽  
Spatial Awareness ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Asymmetric Distance ◽  
Space Processing ◽  
Symmetric Distance

Recent research has led to the hypothesis that events which unfold in time might be spatially represented in a left-to-right fashion, resembling writing direction. Here we studied fourteen right-hemisphere damaged patients, with or without neglect, a disorder of spatial awareness affecting contralesional (here left) space processing and representation. We reasoned that if the processing of time-ordered events is spatial in nature, it should be impaired in the presence of neglect and spared in its absence. Patients categorized events of a story as occurring before or after a central event, which acted as a temporal reference. An asymmetric distance effect emerged in neglect patients, with slower responses to events that took place before the temporal reference. The event occurring immediately before the reference elicited particularly slow responses, closely mirroring the pattern found in neglect patients performing numerical comparison tasks. Moreover, the first item elicited significantly slower responses than the last one, suggesting a preference for a left-to-right scanning/representation of events in time. Patients without neglect showed a regular and symmetric distance effect. These findings further suggest that the representation of events order is spatial in nature and provide compelling evidence that ordinality is similarly represented within temporal and numerical domains.

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