scholarly journals The current state of research on energy communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Gruber ◽  
Udo Bachhiesl ◽  
Sonja Wogrin
Keyword(s):  
Clean Energy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Local Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
Space Saving ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
And Storage

AbstractThe introduction of the Clean energy for all Europeans package by the European Union (EU) led to a significant boost of public and research interest in energy communities. However, since neither their definition nor their goals are clearly defined, there is a very broad field of research on this topic. This paper aims to classify existing research on energy communities and to analyze what this umbrella term looks like in the literature. First, a literature review is conducted with regard to energy communities that have a local scope and are community-owned. The analysis of the results leads to the determination of the following categories for the existing literature on energy communities: the terminology used to refer to energy communities, components of energy communities, and their characteristics and structure. The review affirms that space-saving and easily constructible components are used the most, with photovoltaics (PV) and storage at the forefront. Our results also show that a third-party aggregator can be a vital part of an energy community with various functions, from managing the community’s energy flow and local market to trading energy with the grid. Taking this into consideration, we conclude that the use of aggregators is a good way to make the formation of energy communities easier, especially for people without an engineering background.

Regulierte Netzzugangsentgelte in der Elektrizitätswirtschaft und gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Christoph Bier ◽  
Dieter Schmidtchen
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Access Charges

SummaryCompanies active in electricity generation or supply that also own transmission or distribution network assets are generally presumed to have an economic interest in using its monopoly position as network owner to prevent or hinder competition in other areas of the value chain. This can happen in many ways such as raising rivals’ costs, price squeezes or by providing essential information only to affiliated companies. All of these practices distort a level playing field. In order to limit the risk of such behavior from occurring Member States of the European Union introduced a “regulated third party access” regime under which third parties have a right to access the network in a non-discriminatory manner. It is the purpose of the paper to derive the welfare implications of a regulation of access charges for electricity grids taking the costs of transmission as a benchmark. It shows that a cost-based regulation is second-best optimal only if the gap between the incumbent’s and the downstream entrant’s efficiency is sufficiently large. In all other cases an access charge deviating from the transmission costs is second-best optimal. There is no simple and generally applicable rule for the determination of second-best optimal access charges.

scholarly journals Innovations in energy storage

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
L. R. Mukhametova ◽  
I. G. Akhmetova ◽  
W. Strielkowski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
And Storage

The development of energy storage and storage systems is becoming a potential method for solving the problems of the global energy system. However, there are technical and non-technical barriers to the widespread distribution of energy storage devices. In this regard, it is necessary to identify innovative processes, mechanisms and systems that allow developments in the field of energy storage to contribute to solving the problems of the energy system, as well as to ensure industrial growth at the expense of companies engaged in the development of technologies. This article discusses current advances and trends in energy storage innovation. The scientific novelty of the article consists in a comprehensive review of the current state of affairs in this area and the determination of the main directions of development.

Re-Addressing the Harmonisation of European Takeover Law post-Brexit

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-340
Author(s):  
Lars Ruf
Keyword(s):  
Role Model ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The Eu

The EU Takeover Directive from 2004 has attempted to harmonise Takeover Law within the European Union. The UK’s legal framework governing takeovers served as somewhat of a role model for it. Therefore, Brexit gives rise to the question as to whether the Directive could undergo a reform within the foreseeable future. This paper aims to re-address the harmonisation of European Takeover Law post-Brexit by examining how UK and US Takeover Law could potentially influence its reform. It will be made apparent how the UK’s role in European Takeover Law suggests that Brexit might actually lead to its reform, which is most likely going to drive the respective legal frameworks further apart. Another significant finding concerns the comparability of the US and EU governmental system, which indicates that the foreseeable development of European Takeover Law could be prone to issues which appear in the US. In order to overcome several difficulties that European Takeover Law will face, the paper makes two recommendations. With regard to a regulatory reform at the current state of research, the EU should take a neutral approach by providing companies with an optional framework governing Takeover Law. In order to determine which provisions are desirable for the creation of shareholder value, it is submitted that further research in this field should be encouraged. a

scholarly journals Reviews and syntheses: Gaining insights into evapotranspiration partitioning with novel isotopic monitoring methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youri Rothfuss ◽  
Maria Quade ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann ◽  
Alexander Graf ◽  
Harry Vereecken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Land Surface Modelling ◽  
High Vertical Resolution ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract. Disentangling ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) is of high relevance for a wide range of applications, from land surface modelling to policy making. Identifying and analysing the determinants of the ratio of T to ET (T / ET) for various land covers and uses, especially in view of climate change with increased frequency of extreme events (e.g., heatwaves and floods), is prerequisite for forecasting the hydroclimate of the future and tackling present issues, such as agricultural and irrigation practices. A powerful partitioning method consists in determining the water stable isotopic compositions of ET, E, and T (δET, δE, and δT, respectively) from the water retrieved from the atmosphere, the soil, and the plant vascular tissues. The present work emphasises the challenges this particular method faces (e.g., the spatial and temporal representativeness of the T / ET estimates, the limitations of the models used and the sensitivities to their driving parameters) and the progress that needs to be made in light of the recent methodological developments. As our review is intended for a broader audience beyond the isotopic ecohydrological and micrometeorological communities, it also attempts to provide a thorough review of the ensemble of techniques used for determining δET, δE, and δT, and solving the partitioning equation for T / ET. From the current state of research, we conclude that the most promising way forward to ET partitioning and capturing the sub-daily dynamics of T / ET is in making use of non-destructive online monitoring techniques of the stable isotopic composition of soil and xylem water. Effort should continue towards the application of the eddy covariance technique for high-frequency determination of δET at the field scale as well as the concomitant determination of δET, δE, and δT at high vertical resolution with field-deployable lift systems.

scholarly journals Analysis of Approaches of Tolerance Allocation regarding to Economic Efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3481-3490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gust ◽  
Alina Sersch ◽  
Tobias Steger ◽  
Christoph Schluer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Tolerance Allocation ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Current State ◽  
Technical Drawing ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Geometrical Product Specification ◽  
Product Specification

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to examine the current state of research on tolerance-induced costs in Germany. Through a literature research already existing approaches for the determination of costs related to tolerances during the specification of technical components are pointed out and possible approaches for the reduction of these costs are presented. In addition, the actuality of these approaches will be considered. One question that is supposed to be answered here is to what state of standard for the specification of components these approaches can be assigned to. On the other hand, it should be clarified whether the existing approaches are applicable to the currently valid standard system of the Geometrical Product Specification (GPS).Can the economic efficiency of the specifications selected for tolerancing be determined in a technical drawing during the product development process in accordance with GPS on the basis of the current state of research?

scholarly journals Administrative and Legal Support Challenges of Environmental Safety Under Globalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Haraschuk ◽  
Yana Zelinska ◽  
Viktoriia Spasenko ◽  
Oleksandra Shynkaruk
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
State Level ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
The Impact

The article investigates the underlying challenges of administrative and legal support of environmental safety under globalization. The current globalization conditions and factors affecting the transition of environmental safety from local to a global level, which is due to globalization processes in the world and a number of global anthropogenic challenges, are analyzed. The emphasis is focused on the impact of globalization on the adoption of international treaties in the field of environmental safety. The importance of administrative and legal environmental safety at the state level for the implementation of the executed international treaties is substantiated. The obsolescence and underperformance of the current state of administrative and legal support of environmental safety in Ukraine is grounded, the necessity for its optimization is proved, the weaknesses are highlighted and the need for introducing a number of improvement directions, including propaganda of a careful attitude to the environment, is substantiated; regulatory support for the effective distribution of functions and viable mechanism for management of central and local executive authorities, local government institutions on the formation and implementation of state policy components in the field of climate change in accordance with their competence; regulatory actions of joint events and cooperation of domestic government bodies in the area of environmental safety with similar bodies of neighboring countries; implementation ensuring of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states related to climate change; ensuring the fulfillment of Ukraine’s obligations regarding reporting on international agreements in the field of climate change, etc.  Keywords: globalization, environmental safety, state environmental policy, legal support of environmental safety, administrative and legal support for environmental safety of Ukraine, international legal support for environmental safety

scholarly journals Reviews and syntheses: Gaining insights into evapotranspiration partitioning with novel isotopic monitoring methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 3701-3732
Author(s):  
Youri Rothfuss ◽  
Maria Quade ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann ◽  
Alexander Graf ◽  
Harry Vereecken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Land Surface Modelling ◽  
High Vertical Resolution ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract. Disentangling ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) is of high relevance for a wide range of applications, from land surface modelling to policymaking. Identifying and analysing the determinants of the ratio of T to ET (T/ET) for various land covers and uses, especially in view of climate change with an increased frequency of extreme events (e.g. heatwaves and floods), is prerequisite for forecasting the hydroclimate of the future and tackling present issues, such as agricultural and irrigation practices. One partitioning method consists of determining the water stable isotopic compositions of ET, E, and T (δET, δE, and δE, respectively) from the water retrieved from the atmosphere, the soil, and the plant vascular tissues. The present work emphasizes the challenges this particular method faces (e.g. the spatial and temporal representativeness of the T/ET estimates, the limitations of the models used, and the sensitivities to their driving parameters) and the progress that needs to be made in light of the recent methodological developments. As our review is intended for a broader audience beyond the isotopic ecohydrological and micrometeorological communities, it also attempts to provide a thorough review of the ensemble of techniques used for determining δET, δE, and δE and solving the partitioning equation for T/ET. From the current state of research, we conclude that the most promising way forward to ET partitioning and capturing the subdaily dynamics of T/ET is by making use of non-destructive online monitoring techniques of the stable isotopic composition of soil and xylem water. Effort should continue towards the application of the eddy covariance technique for high-frequency determination of δET at the field scale as well as the concomitant determination of δET, δE, and δE at high vertical resolution with field-deployable lift systems.

scholarly journals Extraction procedure optimization of the method for detecting ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in sesame seed

2021 ◽  
Vol 854 (1) ◽  
pp. 012095
Author(s):  
S Stefanovic ◽  
N Katanic ◽  
S Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Local Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Steel Balls

Abstract This study describes modifications of the extraction procedure within the European Union Reference method for determination of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in sesame seed. The method suggests utilisation of uniform stainless steel balls in order to facilitate extraction in small seed samples. Experiment was conducted with combination of balls of different sizes and the extraction efficacy was assessed by measurement of 2-chloroethanol in sesame seed samples from the local market. Increased efficacy of 18.3% for ethylene oxide and 16.2% for 2-chloroethanolwas observed when the combination of two diameters of balls was used compared to samples extracted by the guidelines in original method and alternative approach with uniform balls of the lower diameter..

scholarly journals A Game Theoretic Approach for Energy Sharing in the Italian Renewable Energy Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8166
Author(s):  
Matteo Moncecchi ◽  
Stefano Meneghello ◽  
Marco Merlo
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Local Source ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Community

With the Clean Energy Package, the European Union introduced the concept of Renewable Energy Communities: groups of citizens, small and medium enterprises and local authorities that decide to join forces to equip themselves with systems to produce and share energy from renewable energy sources. The Italian legislation recently started an experimental phase in which renewable energy communities receive an incentivising tariff for the energy produced and shared within the community. This paper faces the problem of creating a new renewable energy community in two steps. First, a mathematical model of the energy flows among the members of the community is characterised according to the Italian schema. This model is used to find the optimal portfolio for the energy community, given energy requests and local source availability. Secondly, the Shapley value, a particular solution of cooperative games known to be the most fair method to allocate costs and profits of shared infrastructures, is proposed to distribute benefits among community members. The methodology has been applied to a case study based on a real low voltage network, and the economics for consumers and producers in participating to the project have been evaluated. The proposed solution, simulated adopting real economic parameters defined in the Italian regulatory framework, results to be economically viable from the point of view of the investors with a profitability index of 1.36 and, at the same time, aligned with the social purposes of the energy communities.

Review of the Current State and Future Development in Standardizing Natural Lighting in Interiors

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Darula
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Computer Tools ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Window Design

Three elements mainly wind, water and sun seemed to determine in ancient ages the basic phenomena of life on Earth. Architectural history documented the importance of sun influence on urban and building construction already in layouts of Mesopotamian and Greek houses. Not only sun radiation but especially daylight played a significant role in the creation of indoor environment. Later, in the 20th century, a search of interaction between human life in buildings and natural conditions were studied considering well­being and energy conscious design recently using computer tools in complex research and more detail interdisciplinary solutions. At the same time the restricted daytime availability of natural light was supplemented by more efficient and continually cheaper artificial lighting of interiors. There are two main approaches to standardize the design and evaluation of indoor visual environment. The first is based on the determination of the minimum requirements respecting human health and visibility needs in all activities while the second emphasizes the behaviour and comfort of occupants in buildings considering year­around natural changes of physical quantities like light, temperature, noise and energy consumption. The new current standardization basis for daylight evaluation and window design criteria stimulate the study of methodology principles that historically were based on the overcast type of sky luminance pattern avoiding yearly availability of sky illuminance levels. New trends to base the daylight standardization on yearly or long­term availability of daylight are using the averages or median sky illuminance levels to characterise local climatological conditions. This paper offers the review and discussion about the principles of the natural light standardization with a short introduction to the history and current state, with a trial to focus on the possible development of lighting engineering and its standards in future.

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