Artemia salina as test organism for assessment of acute toxicity of leachate water from landfills

Carbamate is a highly toxic pollutant for animal, even though this insecticide is biodegradable in nature and in the food chain. The purpose of this research was to find the LC50-96 of carbamate insecticide (Marshall 200 EC) on test organism. The test organism used common carps (Cyprinus carpio L.) with 6-8 cm of length and 5,5-9 g of weight. This study used an experimental method by divided into two steps i.e. preliminary test and acute toxicity (LC50-96) tests. Preliminary test was done without repetition and twice repetition for acute toxicity. Acute toxicity test data were analyzed by probit analysis. The result showed that LC50-96of carbamate insecticide (Marshal 200 EC) on Cyprinus carpio L. was 1,68 mgL-1.AbstrakPestisida golongan karbamat merupakan sumber pencemar yang sangat toksik bagi hewan, meskipun insektisida go-longan karbamat ini mudah terurai di alam baik pada media air maupun pada organisme dalam rantai makanan. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengukur nilai LC50-96 insektisida karbamat (Marshal 200 EC) terhadap hewan uji. Hewan uji yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio L.) dengan panjang 6-8 cm dan bobot 5,5-9 g. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini ialah metode eksperimental dengan dua tahapan penelitian, yaitu uji pendahuluan dan uji toksisitas akut (LC50-96). Uji pendahuluan dilakukan tanpa ulangan dan uji toksisitas akut dilakukan ulangan sebanyak dua kali. Data uji toksisitas akut dianalisis dengan analisis probit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai LC50-96 insektisida karbamat (Marshal 200 EC) terhadap ikan mas adalah 1,68 mgL-1.

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Toxicological Characterization of Ten Medicinal Plants of the Beninese Flora Used in the Traditional Treatment of Diarrheal Diseases

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/6676904 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Tamègnon Victorien Dougnon ◽

Edna Hounsa ◽

Eric Agbodjento ◽

Hornel Koudokpon ◽

Boris Legba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Histological Study ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Differential Staining ◽

Cytotoxicity Test ◽

Diarrheal Diseases ◽

Traditional Treatment ◽

Probit Method

The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or poorly rational use may present a dose-dependent risk of toxicity to humans. This study aimed to explore the phytochemical and toxicological characteristics of ten (10) plant species used in the traditional treatment of infectious diarrhea in Benin. The acute toxicity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Khaya senegalensis, Daniellia oliveri, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Vernonia amygdalina, Manihot esculenta, Ocimum gratissimum, Senna italica, Diospyros mespiliformis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Anacardium occidentale was evaluated following the OECD 423 protocol at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg. This safety test was complemented by a larval cytotoxicity test. Hematological and biochemical examinations, as well as a histological study of the liver and kidneys, were performed. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of Artemia salina larvae to different concentrations of the plant extracts studied. Testing for chemical compounds was performed on the basis of differential staining and precipitation reactions. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by the probit method. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the plants studied revealed the presence of catechic tannins, gallic tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and sterol-terpenes, alkaloids, saponosides, and reducing compounds. This composition varied according to the plants studied. Acute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality and no structural and functional alterations of the liver and kidneys of treated animals. Larval cytotoxicity data suggest that the plants studied are not cytotoxic (LC50 ≥ 0.1 mg/mL). These observations reflect the safety of these plants and justify their use in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases including diarrheal diseases.

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Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak dan Fraksi Kulit Batang Ketapang Laut (Terminalia Catappa L.) Menggunakan Metode BSLT

Pharmauho: Jurnal Farmasi, Sains, dan Kesehatan ◽

10.33772/pharmauho.v6i1.11430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Ari Sartinah ◽

Yamin Yamin ◽

Muhammad Arba ◽

Nur Illiyyin Akib ◽

Andi Nafisah Tendri Adjeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Program Analysis ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Test Method ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Terminalia Catappa ◽

Water Fractions

AbstrakToksisitas akut merupakan kemampuan suatu bahan kimia (obat/bahan obat) dalam menimbulkan kerusakan pada suatu organisme dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ketoksikan akut dari ekstrak metanol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air kulit batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L.). Pengujian toksisitas akut dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) dan menggunakan analisis program untuk mengetahui nilai LC50 dari ekstrak dan fraksi. Hasil uji toksisitas akut menunjukan nilai LC50 dari ekstrak metanol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air kulit batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L. ) berturut-turut 247,997 ppm; 400,666 ppm dan 618,046 ppm. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak metanol batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L.) bersifat paling toksik dibandingkan fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air.Kata kunci: Ekstrak, Fraksi, Terminalia catappa L., BSLT, Artemia salina LeachAbstractAcute toxicity is the ability of chemical (drug/drug ingredient) to cause damage to organisms in a relatively short time. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for acute toxicity of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and water fractions of sea ketapang stem skin (Terminalia catappa L.). Acute toxicity testing was performed using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and program analysis to determine the LC50 values of extracts and fractions. The results of the acute toxicity test showed the LC50 values of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and water fractions of the plant stem skin consecutively were 247,997 ppm; 400,666 ppm and 618,046 ppm. This shows that the methanol extract of sea ketapang stems (Terminalia catappa L.) is the most toxic compared to the ethyl acetate and the water fraction.Keywords: Extract, Fraction, Terminalia catappa L., BSLT, Artemia salina Leach

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Essential Oil of Croton Argyrophylloides: Toxicological Aspects and Vasorelaxant Activity in Rats

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200701040 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200701 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aldair de França-Neto ◽

Ana Carolina Cardoso-Teixeira ◽

Thiago Coutinho Medeiros ◽

Maria do Socorro Quinto-Farias ◽

Celia Maria de Souza Sampaio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Point Of View ◽

Cytotoxic Assay ◽

Vascular Effects ◽

Vasorelaxant Activity ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity ◽

Very High

Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg. is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat diabetes and venereal diseases. This study examined the acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil of C. argyrophylloides(EOCA). In addition, vascular effects of the EOCA have been examined. In mice, an oral acute toxicity test revealed that EOCA could be considered as a non toxic essential oil since it showed a very high LD50 (9.84 ± 0.01 g/kg). In the brine shrimp ( Artemia salina) cytotoxic assay, the LC50 value of EOCA was 275 [165-534] μg/mL. EOCA (1-1000 μg/mL) relaxed isolated endothelium-intact aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine with an IC50 value of 126.7 [89.8-163.7] μg/mL. In rat mesenteric bed preparations precontracted with phenylephrine, EOCA (1-300 μg/mL) also induced a reversible, vasodilator effect with an IC50 value of 46.0 [33.3-58.7] μg/mL. It is concluded that EOCA is a very interesting agent from the point of view of the possibility of therapeutic application. This is because, whilst showing a very small acute toxicity, EOCA also showed maximal efficacy as a vascular antispasmodic agent with a pharmacological potency similar to that of other Croton species essential oils.

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Two new polyacetylene derivatives from the Red Sea sponge Xestospongia sp.

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2015-5015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 70 (11-12) ◽

pp. 297-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Seif-Eldin N. Ayyad ◽

Dina F. Katoua ◽

Walied M. Alarif ◽

Tariq R. Sobahi ◽

Magda M. Aly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Red Sea ◽

Test Organism ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

C 30

Abstract Two new polyacetylenes (1 and 2), along with two known C-30 steroids (3 and 4) were identified from the Red Sea sponge, Xestospongia sp. The chemical structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic measurements 1D (1H, 13C and DEPT) and 2D (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR, UV, IR and MS. The new compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antitumor activities. 1 and 2 were active against multidrug- resistant bacteria with MICs ranged from 2.2 to 4.5 μM. No toxicity was recorded for the two tested compounds up to 5 μM using Artemia salina as a test organism. Compound 2 showed excellent antifungal activity against some pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans (MIC 2.2–2.5 μM) and antitumor activity against both Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and lymphocytic leukemia (LD50 5.0 μM).

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ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MARINE SPONGE CALLYSPONGIA SP. AND ITS ACUTE TOXICITY

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i12.34737 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 97-100

Author(s):

ADRYAN FRISTIOHADY ◽

WAHYUNI WAHYUNI ◽

FADHLIYAH MALIK ◽

LA ODE MUHAMMAD JULIAN PURNAMA ◽

BARU SADARUN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Toxicity Assay ◽

Membrane Method ◽

Activity Test ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Objective: This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Callyspongia sp. using stabilization of the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane method and its acute toxicity using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Methods: Callyspongia sp. was macerated with 96% ethanol. Extract characterized and screened for the secondary metabolite. Anti-inflammatory activity by stabilization of the HRBC membrane method with a varied dose of 50 ppm; 100 ppm; 200 ppm; 400 ppm; 800 ppm; 1600 ppm; and 3200 ppm. Solutions observed using a photometer to describing stability and ability in preventing membranes hemolytic and statistically analyzed using SPSS. Acute toxicity carried out by the BSLT method and analyzed using Minitab®ver. 17.2.1. Results: The phytochemical screening was indicating that Callyspongia sp. contains flavonoid, alkaloid, and terpenoid. The results of the anti-inflammatory activity test showed that the percentage value of stability and hemolysis of extracts with doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ppm were 55% and 45%, 63% and 37%, 70% and 30%, 74% and 26%, 80% and 20%, 87% and 13%, and 97% and 3%, respectively. It showed that extract of sponge Callyspongia sp. in all varied dose has activity in stabilizing the HRBC membrane thus can be potential as an anti-inflammatory. The results of acute toxicity assay showed that the value of LC50 was 1281.45 μg/ml and categorized as nontoxic to Artemia salina Leach. Conclusion: Various concentrations of Callyspongia sp. effective as an anti-inflammatory in stabilizing HRBC, and categorized as safe.

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