Influence of feeding and organism age on the acute toxicity of sodium bromide to Artemia salina

The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or poorly rational use may present a dose-dependent risk of toxicity to humans. This study aimed to explore the phytochemical and toxicological characteristics of ten (10) plant species used in the traditional treatment of infectious diarrhea in Benin. The acute toxicity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Khaya senegalensis, Daniellia oliveri, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Vernonia amygdalina, Manihot esculenta, Ocimum gratissimum, Senna italica, Diospyros mespiliformis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Anacardium occidentale was evaluated following the OECD 423 protocol at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg. This safety test was complemented by a larval cytotoxicity test. Hematological and biochemical examinations, as well as a histological study of the liver and kidneys, were performed. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of Artemia salina larvae to different concentrations of the plant extracts studied. Testing for chemical compounds was performed on the basis of differential staining and precipitation reactions. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by the probit method. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the plants studied revealed the presence of catechic tannins, gallic tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and sterol-terpenes, alkaloids, saponosides, and reducing compounds. This composition varied according to the plants studied. Acute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality and no structural and functional alterations of the liver and kidneys of treated animals. Larval cytotoxicity data suggest that the plants studied are not cytotoxic (LC50 ≥ 0.1 mg/mL). These observations reflect the safety of these plants and justify their use in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases including diarrheal diseases.

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Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak dan Fraksi Kulit Batang Ketapang Laut (Terminalia Catappa L.) Menggunakan Metode BSLT

Pharmauho: Jurnal Farmasi, Sains, dan Kesehatan ◽

10.33772/pharmauho.v6i1.11430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Ari Sartinah ◽

Yamin Yamin ◽

Muhammad Arba ◽

Nur Illiyyin Akib ◽

Andi Nafisah Tendri Adjeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Program Analysis ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Test Method ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Terminalia Catappa ◽

Water Fractions

AbstrakToksisitas akut merupakan kemampuan suatu bahan kimia (obat/bahan obat) dalam menimbulkan kerusakan pada suatu organisme dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ketoksikan akut dari ekstrak metanol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air kulit batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L.). Pengujian toksisitas akut dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) dan menggunakan analisis program untuk mengetahui nilai LC50 dari ekstrak dan fraksi. Hasil uji toksisitas akut menunjukan nilai LC50 dari ekstrak metanol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air kulit batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L. ) berturut-turut 247,997 ppm; 400,666 ppm dan 618,046 ppm. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak metanol batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L.) bersifat paling toksik dibandingkan fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air.Kata kunci: Ekstrak, Fraksi, Terminalia catappa L., BSLT, Artemia salina LeachAbstractAcute toxicity is the ability of chemical (drug/drug ingredient) to cause damage to organisms in a relatively short time. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for acute toxicity of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and water fractions of sea ketapang stem skin (Terminalia catappa L.). Acute toxicity testing was performed using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and program analysis to determine the LC50 values of extracts and fractions. The results of the acute toxicity test showed the LC50 values of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and water fractions of the plant stem skin consecutively were 247,997 ppm; 400,666 ppm and 618,046 ppm. This shows that the methanol extract of sea ketapang stems (Terminalia catappa L.) is the most toxic compared to the ethyl acetate and the water fraction.Keywords: Extract, Fraction, Terminalia catappa L., BSLT, Artemia salina Leach

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Essential Oil of Croton Argyrophylloides: Toxicological Aspects and Vasorelaxant Activity in Rats

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200701040 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200701 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aldair de França-Neto ◽

Ana Carolina Cardoso-Teixeira ◽

Thiago Coutinho Medeiros ◽

Maria do Socorro Quinto-Farias ◽

Celia Maria de Souza Sampaio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Point Of View ◽

Cytotoxic Assay ◽

Vascular Effects ◽

Vasorelaxant Activity ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity ◽

Very High

Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg. is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat diabetes and venereal diseases. This study examined the acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil of C. argyrophylloides(EOCA). In addition, vascular effects of the EOCA have been examined. In mice, an oral acute toxicity test revealed that EOCA could be considered as a non toxic essential oil since it showed a very high LD50 (9.84 ± 0.01 g/kg). In the brine shrimp ( Artemia salina) cytotoxic assay, the LC50 value of EOCA was 275 [165-534] μg/mL. EOCA (1-1000 μg/mL) relaxed isolated endothelium-intact aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine with an IC50 value of 126.7 [89.8-163.7] μg/mL. In rat mesenteric bed preparations precontracted with phenylephrine, EOCA (1-300 μg/mL) also induced a reversible, vasodilator effect with an IC50 value of 46.0 [33.3-58.7] μg/mL. It is concluded that EOCA is a very interesting agent from the point of view of the possibility of therapeutic application. This is because, whilst showing a very small acute toxicity, EOCA also showed maximal efficacy as a vascular antispasmodic agent with a pharmacological potency similar to that of other Croton species essential oils.

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Artemia salina as test organism for assessment of acute toxicity of leachate water from landfills

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ◽

10.1007/s10661-005-6029-z ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 102 (1-3) ◽

pp. 309-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

B.-M. Svensson ◽

L. Mathiasson ◽

L. M�rtensson ◽

S. Bergstr�m

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Test Organism ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Leachate Water

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ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MARINE SPONGE CALLYSPONGIA SP. AND ITS ACUTE TOXICITY

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i12.34737 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 97-100

Author(s):

ADRYAN FRISTIOHADY ◽

WAHYUNI WAHYUNI ◽

FADHLIYAH MALIK ◽

LA ODE MUHAMMAD JULIAN PURNAMA ◽

BARU SADARUN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Toxicity Assay ◽

Membrane Method ◽

Activity Test ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Objective: This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Callyspongia sp. using stabilization of the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane method and its acute toxicity using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Methods: Callyspongia sp. was macerated with 96% ethanol. Extract characterized and screened for the secondary metabolite. Anti-inflammatory activity by stabilization of the HRBC membrane method with a varied dose of 50 ppm; 100 ppm; 200 ppm; 400 ppm; 800 ppm; 1600 ppm; and 3200 ppm. Solutions observed using a photometer to describing stability and ability in preventing membranes hemolytic and statistically analyzed using SPSS. Acute toxicity carried out by the BSLT method and analyzed using Minitab®ver. 17.2.1. Results: The phytochemical screening was indicating that Callyspongia sp. contains flavonoid, alkaloid, and terpenoid. The results of the anti-inflammatory activity test showed that the percentage value of stability and hemolysis of extracts with doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ppm were 55% and 45%, 63% and 37%, 70% and 30%, 74% and 26%, 80% and 20%, 87% and 13%, and 97% and 3%, respectively. It showed that extract of sponge Callyspongia sp. in all varied dose has activity in stabilizing the HRBC membrane thus can be potential as an anti-inflammatory. The results of acute toxicity assay showed that the value of LC50 was 1281.45 μg/ml and categorized as nontoxic to Artemia salina Leach. Conclusion: Various concentrations of Callyspongia sp. effective as an anti-inflammatory in stabilizing HRBC, and categorized as safe.

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Acute toxicity impacts of Euphorbia hirta L extract on behavior, organs body weight index and histopathology of organs of the mice and Artemia salina

Pharmacognosy Research ◽

10.4103/0974-8490.99085 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 170 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sreenivasan Sasidharan ◽

YuetPing Kwan ◽

LachimananYoga Latha ◽

Mohammad AbuBasma Rajeh ◽

Zuraini Zakaria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Euphorbia Hirta ◽

Weight Index ◽

Body Weight Index

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Acute toxicity of papaya leaf extract on Artemia salina leach larvae

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1321/3/032033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1321 ◽

pp. 032033

Author(s):

W H Nugrahaningsih ◽

A Titi ◽

N K Dewi

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Artemia Salina

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CURCUMINOID AND TOXICITY LEVELS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF JAVANESE GINGER (Curcuma xanthorriza) ON BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina) LARVAE AND ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) EMBRYOS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.16429 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 169 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gustini Syahbirin ◽

Nurfadilawati Mumuh ◽

Kusdiantoro Mohamad

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Danio Rerio ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Zebrafish Embryo ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Pericardial Edema ◽

Curcuma Xanthorrhiza ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Objective: This study was aimed at determining the levels of curcuminoids and analyzing the toxicity of ethanol extracts of Javanese ginger.Methods: Curcuminoid levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, while the toxicity tests were done on larva of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) by using a brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method and embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using a zebrafish embryo acute toxicity (ZFET) method.Results: The level curcuminoid of ethanol extracts was 10.5% dry wt., consisting of curcumin at the highest percentage (68.06%) followed bydesmethoxycurcumin (24.6%) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (1.41%). In BSLT method, the lethal concentration 50% values (LC) value of our ethanol extract was 238 ppm, whereas in ZFET method, the LC value at 96 hours after fertilization was 80 ppm. The ethanol extract of ginger caused major malformations of the pericardial edema of zebrafish embryos at a concentration of 100 ppm. 50Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza from Bogor contained curcuminoids consisting of curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, with acute toxicity, caused major malformations on the pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos.Keywords: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuminoid, Toxicity, Zebrafish embryo acute toxicity.50

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UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT INFUSA DAUN SIRSAK (Annona muricata) PADA LARVA Artemia salina MENGGUNAKAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST

Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ) ◽

10.35799/pmj.3.1.2020.28960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Arinta Mayang ◽

Bilal S A Santoso

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Negative Control ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Annona Muricata ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Lc50 Value ◽

Chemical Contents

ABSTRACTAnnona muricata is a family of Annonaceae that has been known as a medicinal plant. Sirsakleaves contain alkaloids, tannins, and several other chemical contents including acetogenin.The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of the infusion of Sirsak leaves onthe Artemia salina larvae by the Brine Shirmp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. This experimentalstudy used 5 treatment concentrations (10 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 1000mg/L) and 1 negative control. All treatments were repeated 3 times. The number of Artemiasalina larvae used for each concentration was 10 larvae. The number of dead larvae wascounted after 24 hours of treatment. Based on probit analysis, the LC50 value of Sirsak leafinfusion was 38,73 mg/L. The conclusion of this research is the infusion of Sirsak leaves istoxic.Keywords: Sirsak leaves, toxicity, BSLTABSTRAKSirsak (Annona muricata) adalah keluarga Annonaceae yang telah dikenal sebagai tanamanobat. Daun Sirsak mengandung alkaloid, tanin, dan beberapa kandungan kimia lainnya termasukacetogenin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan toksisitas akut dari infusdaun Sirsak pada larva Artemia salina dengan metode Brine Shirmp Lethality Test (BSLT).Studi eksperimental ini menggunakan 5 konsentrasi perlakuan (10 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L,500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L) dan 1 kontrol negatif. Semua perawatan diulang 3 kali. Jumlah larvaArtemia salina yang digunakan untuk setiap konsentrasi adalah 10 larva. Jumlah larva matidihitung setelah 24 jam perlakuan. Berdasarkan analisis probit, nilai LC50 infus daun Sirsakadalah 38,73 mg/L. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah infus daun Sirsak bersifat toksik.Kata kunci: daun sirsak, toksisitas, BSLT

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