Has the European Union entered a bioeconomy transition? Combining an output-based approach with a shift-share analysis

AbstractThe bioeconomy is a collective of activities charged with the production of biologically renewable resources or ‘biomass’ (e.g. agriculture, forestry), its diverse application (e.g. food, textiles, construction, chemicals) and subsequent reuse (e.g. compositing, waste management). Since the European Union (EU) launched its bioeconomy strategy in 2012, further bioeconomy policy initiatives have proliferated at regional, national and pan-European levels. Moreover, the EU Green Deal announced in 2019 targets a transition towards a low-carbon sustainable model of growth, food and energy security, biodiversity and natural resource management, where it is envisaged that the bioeconomy will play a key role. Despite a paucity of available data, the surge in policy interest has triggered the need for evidence-based monitoring of bioeconomy sectors and the efficient tailoring of policy support. Thus, on a Member State (MS) basis for the period 2008–2017, we (1) adopt an ‘output-based’ approach to construct a panel data of performance indicators and (2) characterise the sources of growth and transitional stage of the bioeconomy. Results reveal that the bioeconomy has maintained its relative importance within the total EU27 economy. At the EU level, agriculture and the food industry have played a key role in driving a transition in the primary and industrial bioeconomy sectors due to their significant labour productivity-enhancing impact. Four Northern MS exhibit a bioeconomy transition by modernising their bioeconomy activities and operating structural changes. Other Northern and Western EU MS are still in the early stages of a transition, whilst in Eastern and Central Europe, such a transition remains elusive.

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The health care sector in the economies of the European Union: an overview using an input–output framework

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation ◽

10.1186/s12962-021-00258-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Gutiérrez-Hernández ◽

Ignacio Abásolo-Alessón

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

European Union ◽

Labour Productivity ◽

Health Care Sector ◽

The European Union ◽

Input Output ◽

National Currencies ◽

Market Production ◽

The Eu ◽

Purchasing Power Parities

Abstract Background This study aims to analyse the relative importance of the health care sector (health care activities and services), its interrelations with the rest of productive activities, aggregate supply and demand, employment requirements and apparent labour productivity in the European Union (EU) economy as a whole, and in the economies of member countries. Methods The methodology used is based on input–output analysis. Data are extracted from National Accounts and, specifically, from the input–output framework for 2010. Data in national currencies are adjusted using as a conversion factor, specific purchasing power parities for health. Results In the EU, market production predominates in the provision of health care activities, which are financed mainly by public funding. However, there is significant variability among countries, and, in fact, non-market production predominates in most EU countries. The health care sector has direct backward and forward linkages lower than the average for all sectors of the economy and the average for the services sector. Thus, this sector is relatively independent of the rest of the productive structure in the EU. The health care activities industry is key because of its ability to generate value added and employment. Regarding apparent labour productivity, there are significant differences among EU countries, showing that productivity is positively related to the weight of market production in health care activities and negatively related to the number of hours worked per person employed. Conclusions Our results provide useful insights for health authorities in the EU, as they analyse the effect of health policies on macroeconomic indicators using an input–output framework, as well as comparing these effects with those in EU member countries. To the best of our knowledge, an analysis of the health care sector in the EU economy and the countries that integrate it using an input–output framework has not been undertaken. In addition, to compare health care expenditure between countries, data in national currencies have been adjusted using specific purchasing power parities for “health”, and not ones referring to the total economy (GDP), which is common practice in many previous studies.

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Agricultural Holdings in Hilly-Mountain Areas in Slovenia before and after the Accession to the European Union

Eastern European Countryside ◽

10.1515/eec-2015-0002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 19-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kristina Knific ◽

Štefan Bojnec

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Structural Changes ◽

The European Union ◽

Income Diversification ◽

Mountain Areas ◽

Agricultural Employment ◽

Before And After ◽

The Eu

Abstract This paper presents the questionnaire results of the research on implications of the effects of Slovenia’s accession to the European Union (EU) on structural changes in agricultural holdings (AHs) in the case of Škofjeloška hilly-mountain rural areas. The effects are studied based on the analysis of income diversification of AHs three years before the Slovenian accession to the EU in 2000 and six years after the Slovenian accession to the EU in 2010. Strategies of AHs on the basis of the questionnaire were analysed in early 2011. Income diversification of AHs with non-agricultural employment and off-farm incomes is necessary for survival for the majority of AHs. There are observed differences in structural changes in the AHs between areas with different natural conditions for agricultural production, and particularly in the extent and in the direction of structural changes by socioeconomic types of AHs. Structural changes inhibit non-economic objectives of AHs, while non-agricultural employment has a two-way influence.

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The “New” Environmental Policy Of The European Union: A Path To Development Of A Circular Economy And Mitigation Of The Negative Effects Of Climate Change

Comparative Economic Research ◽

10.1515/cer-2016-0013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 57-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Zofia Wysokińska

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

European Union ◽

Environmental Policy ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Low Carbon ◽

The European Union ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Carbon Economy ◽

The Eu

This paper analyses the evolution of the new environmental policy of the European Union in the context of the efforts undertaken to moderate the negative effects of climate change. It describes all the activities in the European Union designed to implement new tools of the EU environmental policy, such as low carbon economy technologies, tools that improve the efficiency of managing the limited natural resources, the environmentally friendly transport package, etc. All of them are aimed at laying the foundations of the circular economy, which may also be referred to as a closed-loop economy, i.e., an economy that does not generate excessive waste and whereby any waste becomes a resource.

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The European Union–Azerbaijan high-level transport dialogue: A timely reaction to the structural changes?

Journal of Eurasian Studies ◽

10.1177/18793665211054516 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 187936652110545

Author(s):

Shamkhal Abilov ◽

Beyrak Hajiyev

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Structural Changes ◽

The European Union ◽

South Caucasus ◽

Trade Routes ◽

Transportation Projects ◽

Rise Of China ◽

High Level ◽

The Eu ◽

Do So

The European Union (EU) and Azerbaijan high-level transport dialogue is the continuation of the long period of cooperation between the EU and Azerbaijan in the area of transport since the early 1990s. The geopolitical and geo-economic maps of Eurasia, the South Caucasus, and the regions around have significantly changed since then thanks to rise of China, India, and other regional actors. These actors in their turn began to initiate competitive logistical and transportation projects to define terms and conditions of the making of Eurasian transport and trade routes. The ultimate goal is to have a share in controlling global flows passing through the strategic spots of Eurasian landmass. The EU’s recent transport dialogue with Azerbaijan reflects and is reaction to those changes that happened in the wider Europe, in Eurasia, and in the globe. This paper tries to place the EU and Azerbaijan transport dialogue to a broader picture to find out what changes conditioned and necessitated the upgraded dialogue between the EU and Azerbaijan. To do so, it traces the EU and Azerbaijan’s transport policies and cooperation since the early 1990s.

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Non-Tariff Measures in Indian Context and the European Union

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v10n9p54 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Rakhi Singh ◽

Seema Sharma ◽

Deepak Tandon

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Structural Changes ◽

The European Union ◽

Strategic Partner ◽

Data Set ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

Indian Economy ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Eu

Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world today. In line with global trade trends, Indian export sector has been growing and contributing significantly to the economy. Given its exports structure, India is well positioned to benefit from the structural changes in technology and emerging forces of globalization. Indian economy has shown remarkable progress in terms of foreign trade after the introduction of economic reforms in 1991. The European Union (EU) is a very important trading partner of India. The trade volumes between India and EU have shown remarkable improvement in last one and a half decade. After starting out at a relatively low level in the 1990’s, the trade volumes, both with respect to Indian exports to the EU as well as with respect to Indian imports from the EU, started to increase most noticeably after the year 2001.Use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) as means of protection has captured a lot of focus after reduction of tariffs in the world trade. India even after being a strategic partner for European Union (EU) has to face lot of NTMs on its exports. Based on studies in the past, link between the incidence of NTMs imposed by the home country and the income level of the foreign country has been established. The interplay of incidence of NTMs and the GDP remains largely unexplored in the context of India-EU trade relationship. This paper tries to fill this gap and show the importance of the study in policy decisions. Authors have used UNCTAD’s NTM data and Spearman’s correlation coefficient to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between incidence of NTM with per capita GDP of the exporting country (India). The authors have used different permutations of data from the main data set (1994-95 to 2016-17) for analysis and have concluded that incidence of NTMs on Indian exports to EU is positively co-related to the per capita GDP of India.

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Productivity and Economic Growth in the European Union: Impact of Investment in Research and Development

Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy ◽

10.2478/ngoe-2018-0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 18-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andreja Nekrep ◽

Sebastjan Strašek ◽

Darja Boršič

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Research And Development ◽

Labour Productivity ◽

Causal Link ◽

The European Union ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Maximum Productivity ◽

Union Impact ◽

The Eu

Abstract This paper focuses on investment in research and development as a factor of labour productivity and economic growth. Our analysis confirms the link between expenditure for research and development (expressed in % of GDP) and labour productivity (expressed in the number of hours worked) based on selected data for EU Member States in the period 1995-2013. A causal link between variables of the concave parabola was confirmed, and the value of expenditure for research and development (2.85% of EU GDP) maximising productivity (per hour of work) was determined based on the examined data. In accordance with these findings, EU’s target of reaching 3% of GDP spent on research and development to be achieved by 2020 seems in support of reaching maximum productivity in the EU.

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Technology market in the European Union

International Business Research ◽

10.5539/ibr.v3n3p32 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

ALINA BARBARA HYZ

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Central Element ◽

Theoretical Point ◽

The European Union ◽

Font Size ◽

Technology Market ◽

Factors Of Production ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Eu

The common market of factors of production in the European Union (EU) involves the free movement of labour factor, financial capital and innovation/technology. Technology as a separate factor of production in an integrating area is rarely incorporated into theoretical analysis. From a theoretical point of view, there are different relationships between various segments of the market of factors of production. Importance and strength of the relationship between them changes with each shift in the economic development of the EU member countries and deepening of integration processes. No doubt, however, that the central element becomes innovations / technologies, that lead to structural changes and local changes in integrating areas. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to assess the progress of the integration processes on the technology market in the EU and the identification of the relationship between this segment of the market of factors of production and its remaining segments. The first part of the article presents the technology as a factor of production in an integrating area. Next we describe the influence of R&D on the region’s competitiveness and we identify the main characteristics of the technology market in the European Union. The main aim of the next part of the paper is to indicate the role of international business in the creation and transfer of technology in the European Union. The analysis conducted in the paper is based on specialist literature and statistical data.

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The criminal law and public health context of drug policy support among young people in the European Union

International Journal of Comparative Sociology ◽

10.1177/0020715213484482 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 3-28

Author(s):

Mike Vuolo

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Young People ◽

Drug Policy ◽

Drug Users ◽

State Level ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Policy Support ◽

The European Union ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Eu

This article addresses whether state-level policy differences in the European Union (EU) are associated with young people’s support for policies toward drug users, namely criminalization of drug use and availability of syringe exchanges. While historical institutionalism provides reason to expect such an association, more proximal individual-level influences, as well as the EU supranational agenda encouraging a unified approach to drug policy, may render the state-level unimportant. Using multilevel modeling of a 2002 Eurobarometer cross-national survey of young people, the results show a close alignment of individual-level support and state-level policies of decriminalization and harm reduction, net of individual characteristics. The findings suggest that any EU-level effort to unify countries’ policies concerning drug users will encounter difficulty because attitudes – even among young people – are aligned with and supportive of existing state policies.

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Developments of Economic Growth and Employment in Bioeconomy Sectors across the EU

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12114507 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 4507 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tévécia Ronzon ◽

Stephan Piotrowski ◽

Saulius Tamosiunas ◽

Lara Dammer ◽

Michael Carus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Labour Productivity ◽

Value Added ◽

The European Union ◽

Business Statistics ◽

Structural Differences ◽

Subsequent Calculation ◽

Output Based Approach ◽

Over Time ◽

The Eu

The development of the bioeconomy—or the substitution of fossil-based materials and energy by bio-based solutions—is considered a strategic economic orientation by the European Commission and its Green Deal. This paper presents a methodology to monitor the contribution of the bioeconomy to jobs and growth within the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Classified as an ‘‘output-based’’ approach, the methodology relies on expert estimations of the biomass content of the bio-based materials produced in the EU and the subsequent calculation of ‘‘sectoral’’ bio-based shares by using Eurostat statistics on the production of manufactured goods (prom). Sectoral shares are applied to indicators of employment, and value added is reported in Eurostat–Structural business statistics. This paper updates the methodology and time series presented in 2018. The bioeconomy of the EU (post-Brexit composition) employed around 17.5 million people and generated €614 billion of value added in 2017. The study evidences structural differences between EU national bioeconomies, which become more pronounced over time, especially in terms of the level of apparent labour productivity of national bioeconomies. Finally, this paper describes cases of transition over the 2008–2017 period.

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Reshaping European Union development policy: collective choices and the new global order

Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional ◽

10.1590/0034-7329201500203 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 44-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

LUIS MAH

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Development Policy ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

The European Union ◽

Global Order ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Relationship ◽

Second World ◽

The Eu

Abstract The European Union (EU) is one of the world´s leading donors in official development assistance (ODA) to give a strong weight in the relationship with recipient partner countries, in particular with those that are more dependent on it. Besides the material weight of its funding, the EU has retained historical ties and influence in diplomatic, political and economic terms in many of its ODA recipient partner countries (particular in Sub-Saharan Africa). Since the 2000s, the EU development policy has not only undergone major structural changes in its institutional framework but also has started to face a new international aid scenario. This paper explores why a normative-based EU development policy is being challenged by reformed EU institutions and a new global order, and how the EU is attempting to respond to this context in face of the deepest recession since the end of the Second World War.

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