NSAID-enteropathy and intestinal microbes

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

Download Full-text

Taxonomic and Functional Characteristics of the Gill and Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Its Correlation with Intestinal Metabolites in NEW GIFT Strain of Farmed Adult Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9030617 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 617

Author(s):

Zhenbing Wu ◽

Qianqian Zhang ◽

Yaoyao Lin ◽

Jingwen Hao ◽

Shuyi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Oreochromis Niloticus ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gastrointestinal Mucosa ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

The gill and gastrointestinal tract are primary entry routes for pathogens. The symbiotic microbiota are essential to the health, nutrition and disease of fish. Though the intestinal microbiota of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been extensively studied, information on the mucosa-associated microbiota of this species, especially the gill and gastrointestinal mucosa-associated microbiota, is lacking. This study aimed to characterize the gill and gastrointestinal mucosa- and digesta-associated microbiota, as well as the intestinal metabolite profiles in the New Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (NEW GIFT) strain of farmed adult Nile tilapia by high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry metabolomics. The diversity, structure, composition, and predicted function of gastrointestinal microbiota were significantly different across gastrointestinal regions and sample types (Welch t-test; p < 0.05). By comparing the mucosa- and digesta-associated microbiota, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed that Pelomonas, Ralstoniapickettii, Comamonadaceae, and Staphylococcus were significantly enriched in the mucosa-associated microbiota, whereas many bacterial taxa were significantly enriched in the digesta-associated microbiota, including Chitinophagaceae, Cetobacterium, CandidatusCompetibacter, Methyloparacoccus, and chloroplast (LDA score > 3.5). Furthermore, Undibacterium, Escherichia–Shigella, Paeniclostridium, and Cetobacterium were dominant in the intestinal contents and mucosae, whereas Sphingomonasaquatilis and Roseomonasgilardii were commonly found in the gill and stomach mucosae. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt2) analysis revealed that the predictive function of digesta-associated microbiota significantly differed from that of mucosa-associated microbiota (R = 0.8152, p = 0.0001). In addition, our results showed a significant interdependence between specific intestinal microbes and metabolites. Notably, the relative abundance values of several potentially beneficial microbes, including Undibacterium, Crenothrix, and Cetobacterium, were positively correlated with most intestinal metabolites, whereas the relative abundance values of some potential opportunistic pathogens, including Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, Escherichia–Shigella, Paeniclostridium, Aeromonas, and Clostridiumsensustricto 1, were negatively correlated with most intestinal metabolites. This study revealed the characteristics of gill and gastrointestinal mucosa-associated and digesta-associated microbiota of farmed Nile tilapia and identified a close correlation between intestinal microbes and metabolites. The results serve as a basis for the effective application of targeted probiotics or prebiotics in the diet to regulate the nutrition and health of farmed tilapia.

Download Full-text

Oleuropein Ameliorates Advanced Stage of Type 2 Diabetes in db/db Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2131

Author(s):

Shujuan Zheng ◽

Yanan Wang ◽

Jingjing Fang ◽

Ruixuan Geng ◽

Mengjie Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Advanced Stage ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Promising Therapeutic Approach

Previous studies have reported the therapeutic effects of oleuropein (OP) consumption on the early stage of type 2 diabetes. However, the efficacy of OP on the advanced stage of type 2 diabetes has not been investigated, and the relationship between OP and intestinal flora has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, to explore the relieving effects of OP intake on the advanced stage of type 2 diabetes and the regulatory effects of OP on intestinal microbes, diabetic db/db mice (17-week-old) were treated with OP at the dose of 200 mg/kg for 15 weeks. We found that OP has a significant effect in decreasing fasting blood glucose levels, improving glucose tolerance, lowering the homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index, restoring histopathological features of tissues, and promoting hepatic protein kinase B activation in db/db mice. Notably, OP modulates gut microbiota at phylum level, increases the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Deferribacteres, and decreases the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. OP treatment increases the relative abundance of Akkermansia, as well as decreases the relative abundance of Prevotella, Odoribacter, Ruminococcus, and Parabacteroides at genus level. In conclusion, OP may ameliorate the advanced stage of type 2 diabetes through modulating the composition and function of gut microbiota. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of advanced stage type 2 diabetes.

Download Full-text

TMAVA, a Metabolite of Intestinal Microbes, Is Increased in Plasma From Patients With Liver Steatosis, Inhibits γ-Butyrobetaine Hydroxylase, and Exacerbates Fatty Liver in Mice

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 158 (8) ◽

pp. 2266-2281.e27 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mingming Zhao ◽

Lin Zhao ◽

Xuelian Xiong ◽

Yuan He ◽

Wei Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Liver ◽

Liver Steatosis ◽

Intestinal Microbes

Download Full-text

Reversion of Gut Microbiota during the Recovery Phase in Patients with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19: Longitudinal Study

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1237

Author(s):

Han-Na Kim ◽

Eun-Jeong Joo ◽

Chil-Woo Lee ◽

Kwang-Sung Ahn ◽

Hyung-Lae Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Recovery Phase ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Microbiome Data ◽

Negative Conversion

Patients with COVID-19 have been reported to experience gastrointestinal symptoms as well as respiratory symptoms, but the effects of COVID-19 on the gut microbiota are poorly understood. We explored gut microbiome profiles associated with the respiratory infection of SARS-CoV-2 during the recovery phase in patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. A longitudinal analysis was performed using the same patients to determine whether the gut microbiota changed after recovery from COVID-19. We applied 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to analyze two paired fecal samples from 12 patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. Fecal samples were selected at two time points: during SARS-CoV-2 infection (infected state) and after negative conversion of the viral RNA (recovered state). We also compared the microbiome data with those from 36 healthy controls. Microbial evenness of the recovered state was significantly increased compared with the infected state. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced the depletion of Bacteroidetes, while an abundance was observed with a tendency to rapidly reverse in the recovered state. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the infected state was markedly higher than that in the recovered state. Gut dysbiosis was observed after infection even in patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19, while the composition of the gut microbiota was recovered after negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Modifying intestinal microbes in response to COVID-19 might be a useful therapeutic alternative.

Download Full-text

Glycomacropeptide Ameliorates Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy in Rats by Modifying Intestinal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25102351 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 2351 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel Cervantes-García ◽

Armida I. Bahena-Delgado ◽

Mariela Jiménez ◽

Laura E. Córdova-Dávalos ◽

Vanessa Ruiz-Esparza Palacios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Lipid Hydroperoxide ◽

Neutrophil Infiltration ◽

Clinical Problem ◽

Intestinal Damage ◽

Nsaid Enteropathy ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy is considered a serious and increasing clinical problem without available treatment. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 64-amino acid peptide derived from milk κ-casein with numerous biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of GMP on NSAID enteropathy in rats. Enteropathy was induced by seven days oral indomethacin administration. Rats were orally GMP treated from seven days previous and during the establishment of the enteropathy model. Changes in metabolism, hematological and biochemical blood alterations, intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage were analyzed. Integrity barrier markers, macroscopic intestinal damage and survival rate were also evaluated. GMP treatment prevented anorexia and weight loss in animals. Furthermore, prophylaxis with GMP ameliorated the decline in hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin and total protein levels. The treatment had no therapeutic efficacy on the decrease of occludin and mucin (MUC)-2 expression in intestinal tissue. However, GMP markedly decreased neutrophil infiltration, and CXCL1, interleukin-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Nitric oxide production and lipid hydroperoxide level in the small intestine were also diminished. These beneficial effects were mirrored by preventing ulcer development and increasing animal survival. These results suggest that GMP may protect against NSAID enteropathy through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Download Full-text

Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in early life aggravates high-fat diet induced dysmetabolism in adult mice

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-021-02263-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Z. H. Miao ◽

W. X. Zhou ◽

R. Y. Cheng ◽

H. J. Liang ◽

F. L. Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Early Life ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

High Fat ◽

Host Animal ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Lipid Metabolism Disorders

Abstract Background Accumulating evidence have shown that the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in prevention of host obesity and metabolism disorders. Recent studies also demonstrate that early life is the key time for the colonization of intestinal microbes in host. However, there are few studies focusing on possible association between intestinal microbiota in the early life and metabolism in adulthood. Therefore the present study was conducted to examine whether the short term antibiotic and/or probiotic exposure in early life could affect intestinal microbes and their possible long term effects on host metabolism. Results A high-fat diet resulted in glucose and lipid metabolism disorders with higher levels of visceral fat rate, insulin-resistance indices, and leptin. Exposure to ceftriaxone in early life aggravated the negative influences of a high-fat diet on mouse physiology. Orally fed TMC3115 protected mice, especially those who had received treatment throughout the whole study, from damage due to a high-fat diet, such as increases in levels of fasting blood glucose and serum levels of insulin, leptin, and IR indices. Exposure to ceftriaxone during the first 2 weeks of life was linked to dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota with a significant decrease in the species richness and diversity. However, the influence of orally fed ceftriaxone on the fecal microbiota was limited to 12 weeks after the termination of treatment. Of note, at week 12 there were still some differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota between mice provided with high fat diet and antibiotic exposure and those only fed a high fat diet. Conclusions These results indicated that exposure to antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, in early life may aggravate the negative influences of a high-fat diet on the physiology of the host animal. These results also suggest that the crosstalk between the host and their intestinal microbiota in early life may be more important than that in adulthood, even though the same intestinal microbes are present in adulthood.

Download Full-text