scholarly journals Consistent oviposition preferences of the Duke of Burgundy butterfly over 14 years on a chalk grassland reserve in Bedfordshire, UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Hayes ◽  
E. Ashe-Jepson ◽  
G. E. Hitchcock ◽  
R. I. Knock ◽  
C. B. H. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Chalk Grassland ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Duke Of Burgundy ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The Duke of Burgundy butterfly (Hamearis lucina) is known to have specific habitat requirements for its larval foodplants. However, no studies have yet investigated whether these preferences vary over time or in relation to climate, and there is a paucity of data on whether management on reserves can replicate preferred conditions. Here, we build upon existing research to confirm which characteristics Duke of Burgundy prefer for their larval foodplants, whether preferences remain consistent across years, and whether conservation management on reserves can replicate these conditions. Fieldwork was carried out at Totternhoe Quarry Reserve, a chalk grassland site in Bedfordshire, UK. Confirming previous research, we found that large Primula plants in dense patches were chosen for oviposition, but that once chosen there was no preference to lay eggs on a plant’s largest leaf. Chosen foodplants were also more sheltered and in closer proximity to scrub than their controls. However, at a finer scale, we found little evidence for any preference based on differences in microclimate, or vegetation height immediately surrounding the plants. This suggests features that alter microclimatic conditions at a larger scale are relatively more important for determining the suitability of oviposition sites. Nearly all preferences remained consistent over time and did not vary between years. Management of scrub on the reserve was able to reproduce some preferred habitat features (high plant density), but not others (large plant size). Implications for insect conservation The consistency of findings across years, despite inter-annual variation in temperature, rainfall and number of adults, indicates that the Duke of Burgundy is conservative in its foodplant choice, highlighting its need for specific habitat management. Targeted management for foodplants could form part of a tractable set of tools to support Duke of Burgundy numbers on reserves, but a careful balance is needed to avoid scrub clearance leaving plants in sub-optimal conditions.

scholarly journals 212 Effects of Plant Density on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Fresh-market Sweet Corn

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 478E-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuming Hao
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
High Plant Density

In summer 1998, two sh2, fresh-market, sweet corn cultivars (`Candy Corner'—large plant size, and `Swifty'—small plant size) were grown at 5, 6.5, 8, and 9.5 plants/m2 to investigate the effects of plant density on growth, photosynthesis, biomass, yield, and quality. Biomass and leaf area per plant were not affected by plant density. Therefore, biomass and leaf area per unit area were increased with increasing plant density. Plant height, leaf chlorophyll, leaf photosynthesis, and transpiration (measured with the LI-COR 6400 portable photosynthesis system) were not affected by plant density. Total cob weight (husk off) and number of ears harvested from plants were increased with increasing plant density. However, marketable yield (number of marketable ears) was not affected by plant density and marketable cob weight (husk off) decreased with increasing plant density due to the reduction in ear size with high plant density. There was a significant increase in percentage of unmarketable ears at plant density higher than 6.5 plant/m2 with `Candy Corner'. Kernel sugar content (°Brix) in both cultivars increased with plant density. According to the results of this experiment, the optimum plant density for fresh-market sweet corn was 5 to 6 plants/m 2.

scholarly journals Historical Trends in Sweet Corn Plant Density Tolerance Using Era Hybrids (1930–2010s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daljeet S. Dhaliwal ◽  
Elizabeth A. Ainsworth ◽  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Over Time

Over the last six decades, steady improvement in plant density tolerance (PDT) has been one of the largest contributors to genetic yield gain in field corn. While recent research indicates that PDT in modern sweet corn hybrids could be exploited to improve yield, historical changes in PDT in sweet corn are unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (a) quantify the extent to which PDT has changed since introduction of hybrid sweet corn and (b) determine the extent to which changes over time in PDT are associated with plant morpho-physiological and ear traits. An era panel was assembled by recreating 15 sugary1 sweet corn hybrids that were widely used at one time in the United States, representing hybrids since the 1930s. Era hybrids were evaluated in field experiments in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement of treatments, including hybrid as the main factor and density as the split-plot factor. Plant density treatments included “Low” plant density (9,900 plants/ha) free of crowding stress or “High” plant density (79,000 plants/ha) with crowding stress. On average, per-area marketable ear mass (Mt/ha) increased at a rate of 0.8 Mt/ha/decade at High densities, whereas per-plant yield (i.e., kg/plant) remained unchanged over time regardless of the density level. Crate yield, a fresh market metric, improved for modern hybrids. However, processing sweet corn yield metrics like fresh kernel mass and recovery (amount of kernel mass contributing to the fresh ear mass) showed modest or no improvement over time, respectively. Modern sweet corn hybrids tend to have fewer tillers and lower fresh shoot biomass, potentially allowing the use of higher plant density; however, plant architecture alone does not accurately predict PDT of individual hybrids.

scholarly journals Optimizing Planting Density and Impact of Panicle Types on Grain Yield and Microclimatic Response Index of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guotao Yang ◽  
Xuechun Wang ◽  
Farhan Nabi ◽  
Hongni Wang ◽  
Changkun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Response Index ◽  
Lower Position ◽  
High Plant Density

AbstractThe architecture of rice plant represents important and complex agronomic traits, such as panicles morphology, which directly influence the microclimate of rice population and consequently grain yield. To enhance yield, modification of plant architecture to create new hybrid cultivars is considered a sustainable approach. The current study includes an investigation of yield and microclimate response index under low to high plant density of two indica hybrid rice R498 (curved panicles) and R499 (erect panicles), from 2017 to 2018. The split-plot design included planting densities of 11.9–36.2 plant/m2. The results showed that compared with R498, R499 produced a higher grain yield of 8.02–8.83 t/ha at a higher planting density of 26.5–36.2 plant/m2. The response index of light intensity and relative humidity to the planting density of R499 was higher than that of R498 at the lower position of the rice population. However, the response index of temperature to the planting density of R499 was higher at the upper position (0.2–1.4%) than at the lower position. Compared with R498, R499 at a high planting density developed lower relative humidity (78–88%) and higher light intensity (9900–15,916 lx) at the lower position of the rice population. Our finding suggests that erect panicles are highly related to grain yield microclimatic contributors under a highly dense rice population, such as light intensity utilization, humidity, and temperature. The application of erect panicle rice type provides a potential strategy for yield improvement by increasing microclimatic conditions in rice.

scholarly journals Changes in Stone CurlewBurhinus oedicnemusdistribution and abundance and vegetation height on chalk grassland at Porton Down, Wiltshire

Bird Study ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Green ◽  
C. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Chalk Grassland ◽  
Vegetation Height

Plant height and height of the main ear in maize (Zea mays L.) at different locations and different plant densities

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Gyenes-Hegyi ◽  
I. Pók ◽  
L. Kizmus ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
The Best Approximation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Ear Height

The plant height and the height of the main ear were studied over two years in twelve single cross maize hybrids sown at three different plant densities (45, 65 and 85 thousand plants/ha) at five locations in Hungary (Keszthely, Gönc, Gyöngyös, Sopronhorpács, Martonvásár). The results revealed that plant height and the height of the main ear are important variety traits and are in close correlation with each other. It was found that the hybrids grew the tallest when the genetic distance between the parental components was greatest (Mv 4, Mv 5). The height of the main ear was also the greatest in these hybrids, and the degree of heterosis was highest (193% for plant height, 194% for the height of the main ear). The shortest hybrids were those developed between related lines (Mv 7, Mv 11). In this case the heterosis effect was the lowest for both plant height (128%) and the height of the main ear (144%). The ratio of the height of the main ear to the plant height was stable, showing little variation between the hybrids (37–44%). As maize is of tropical origin it grows best in a humid, warm, sunny climate. Among the locations tested, the Keszthely site gave the best approximation to these conditions, and it was here that the maize grew tallest. The dry, warm weather in Gyöngyös stunted the development of the plants, which were the shortest at this location. Plant density had an influence on the plant size. The plants were shortest when sown at a plant density of 45,000 plants/ha, and the main ears were situated the lowest in this case. At all the locations the plant and main ear height rose when the plant density was increased to 65,000 plants/ha. At two sites (Gönc and Sopronhorpács) the plants attained their maximum height at the greatest plant density (85,000 plants/ha). In Keszthely there was no significant difference between these two characters at plant densities of 65 and 85 thousand plants/ha, while in Gyöngyös and Martonvásár the greatest plant density led to a decrease in the plant and main ear height. The year had a considerable effect on the characters tested.

Nitrogen reduction in high plant density cotton is feasible due to quicker biomass accumulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 114070
Author(s):  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Sohaib Chattha ◽  
Shoaib Ahmed ◽  
Jiahao Liu ◽  
Anda Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
High Plant Density

scholarly journals Asymmetric Diagnosability Analysis of Discrete-Event Systems

10.29007/6lc2 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Zanella
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Event Systems ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Original State ◽  
Event Systems ◽  
Distributed Analysis ◽  
Uncertainty Level ◽  
Over Time

The twin plant method is central in every research whose focus is checking the diagnosability of discrete-event systems (DESs). Although the property of diagnosability has been extended over time, and several proposals have been advanced to perform a distributed analysis, diagnosability checking still relies on the exploitation of the twin plant method. However, the twin plant structure is redundant, which is a drawback, above all if the considered DES observation is uncertain: in such a case, several distinct twin plants have to be built in order to check the diagnosability for increasing levels of uncertainty. A higher uncertainty level requires a twin plant of larger size. The paper first gives some preliminary thoughts to the reduction of the twin plant size. Next, on the ground that no contribution in the literature has altered the original state-based representation of the twin plant, the paper shows how to transform such a representation into a transition-based one. Finally, it reports some investigations aimed at reducing the effort needed to produce each twin plant: a twin plant inherent to a higher uncertainty level can be produced by incrementing the twin plant relevant to the lower level.

scholarly journals Between-row spacing and local accession on the yield and quality of garlic

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal-Ali Olfati ◽  
Mohammad-Bagher Mahdieh-Najafabadi ◽  
Mohammad Rabiee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Stand

Garlic is primarily grown for its cloves used mostly as a food flavoring condiment. Previous studies carried out on plant density indicate its direct influence on yield. Plant density depends on the genotype, environmental factors, cultural practices, etc. This study was established to determine the effects of different between-row spacing on growth, yield, and quality of four local accession of garlic. It was laid out on two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during two years. Four local accession of garlic (Langroud, Tarom, Tabriz and Hamedan) were culture in three between-rows spacing (15, 25 and 35 cm) during two years. The results of two cultivated years were different. Plant density changed when garlic cultured with different between row spacing. In present research plant yield increased when the lower between row spacing and high plant density were used but the yield improvement occurring at increased plant stand is offset by the reduction in bulb size and some quality indices such as total phenol and antioxidant which severely affects quality and market value, when garlic is produced for fresh market.

scholarly journals Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Kernel Abortion and Stem Lodging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Noor Shah ◽  
Mohsin Tanveer ◽  
Asad Abbas ◽  
Mehmet Yildirim ◽  
Anis Ali Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
High Plant Density

High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.

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