scholarly journals Historical roots of entrepreneurship in different regional contexts—the case of Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fritsch ◽  
Korneliusz Pylak ◽  
Michael Wyrwich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Local Population ◽  
General Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Historical Root ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship

AbstractEntrepreneurship is often found to be highly persistent over time. Although the historical roots of persisting effects of entrepreneurship are partially uncovered, their mechanisms remained largely unclear. To understand the historical roots of contemporaneous regional entrepreneurship, we exploit different types of historical self-employment in regions of Poland, a country that experienced different types of disruptive developments. In contrast to previous studies on other countries, we do not find a persistent effect of the general level of historical private sector self-employment. There is, however, a pronounced positive relationship between high regional levels of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in the 1920s and current start-up activity in general, even in areas where large parts of the local population were displaced after World War II. We find that the magnitude of this effect is independent of the mobility and an exchange of the local population. Our main conclusion is that the historical regional knowledge stock, as reflected by knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship, can be an important and stable historical root of modern entrepreneurship despite disruptive historical shocks and population discontinuities.

The Great Auto Theft

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-161
Author(s):  
Christian Klösch
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Online Database ◽  
World War ◽  
Auto Theft ◽  
National Socialists ◽  
German Reich

In March 1938 the National Socialists seized power in Austria. One of their first measures against the Jewish population was to confiscate their vehicles. In Vienna alone, a fifth of all cars were stolen from their legal owners, the greatest auto theft in Austrian history. Many benefited from the confiscations: the local population, the Nazi Party, the state and the army. Car confiscation was the first step to the ban on mobility for Jews in the German Reich. Some vehicles that survived World War II were given back to the families of the original owners. The research uses a new online database on Nazi vehicle seizures.

Exploration of the Early Childhood Care and Education Provided in Kindergartens in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Manjinder Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Early Childhood Care ◽  
Childhood Care ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Education And Care ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Shed Light

This study tends to shed light on early childhood care and education (ECCE) institutions with special reference to kindergartens in Fukuoka, Japan. The choice of the topic for study was derived by the importance of ECCE in children’s life and huge economic growth of Japan after worst effects of world war-II, which are thought to be linked with the education that children receives in Japan. The study is limited to four kindergartens in Fukuoka City and observations made for the study refers to 2018. Herein, different types of institutions providing ECCE, their infrastructural set-up, activities, along with curriculum are discussed. At the end, issues and challenges of ECCE system in Japan are discussed. It has been observed that the infrastructural facility and nature of activities are of high quality. Each and every care is being taken to inculcate habits, as well as to maintain physical and intellectual growth of children. The children seem to be highly happy and enjoy learning via various activities in these schools. It is clear that the devised policies on education and care of children are implemented in full spirit.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Probabilistic Record Linkage with a Focus on Linkage Processing for WTC Registries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6937
Author(s):  
Jana Asher ◽  
Dean Resnick ◽  
Jennifer Brite ◽  
Robert Brackbill ◽  
James Cone
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World War ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Data Standardization ◽  
Probabilistic Record Linkage ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Different Types

Since its post-World War II inception, the science of record linkage has grown exponentially and is used across industrial, governmental, and academic agencies. The academic fields that rely on record linkage are diverse, ranging from history to public health to demography. In this paper, we introduce the different types of data linkage and give a historical context to their development. We then introduce the three types of underlying models for probabilistic record linkage: Fellegi-Sunter-based methods, machine learning methods, and Bayesian methods. Practical considerations, such as data standardization and privacy concerns, are then discussed. Finally, recommendations are given for organizations developing or maintaining record linkage programs, with an emphasis on organizations measuring long-term complications of disasters, such as 9/11.

Individual and Collective Survival Strategies of Slovene Littoral Internees in Italian “Special Battalions” During World War II

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-350
Author(s):  
Miha Kosmač
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
World War ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Collective Survival

Abstract The article presents various survival strategies developed by Slovene Littoral men interned in “special battalions” of the Italian army (10 June 1940 - 8 September 1943). The main aims of the Fascist authorities were to intern and subjugate the Slovene Littoral men, whom they regarded as “unreliable”, and to stem the resistance in the Julian March. By taking into account archival records and various oral/memory-based testimonies, the article sheds light on the life of Slovene Littoral men in special battalions and their individual and above all collective survival strategies divided into the following categories: procurement of additional food supplies, attitude to the superiors, cooperation with the local population, and comradeship.

Individual and Collective Survival Strategies of Slovene Littoral Internees in Italian “Special Battalions” During World War II

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miha Kosmač
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
World War ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Collective Survival

AbstractThe article presents various survival strategies developed by Slovene Littoral men interned in “special battalions” of the Italian army (10 June 1940 - 8 September 1943). The main aims of the Fascist authorities were to intern and subjugate the Slovene Littoral men, whom they regarded as “unreliable”, and to stem the resistance in the Julian March. By taking into account archival records and various oral/memory-based testimonies, the article sheds light on the life of Slovene Littoral men in special battalions and their individual and above all collective survival strategies divided into the following categories: procurement of additional food supplies, attitude to the superiors, cooperation with the local population, and comradeship.

scholarly journals Memorialization of the "liberators" in Transcarpathia during the period of preventive Sovietization (1944 – 1946)

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-150
Author(s):  
Pavlo Leno
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Regional Centers ◽  
Short Time

In 1944 – 1946, during the preventive Sovietization of Transcarpathian Ukraine, the local communist authorities initiated radical changes in its symbolic landscape in order to influence the collective memory of the population. The result of this policy was the appearance in the region in 1945 of monuments in honor of the Heroes of the Carpathians (soldiers of the Red Army), who died as a result of active hostilities in October 1944. Officially, the perpetuation of the memory of the fallen Red Army soldiers took place as a manifestation of the people's initiative of the local population in gratitude for the liberation from fascism, including from the “centuries-old Hungarian slavery”. However, archival materials and oral historical research prove that this process was an element of the traditional Soviet policy of memory, initiated by the command of the 4th Ukrainian Front. As a result, a number of memorial resolutions of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine were adopted in a short time. As a result, the graves of the Red Army were enlarged, fundraising was organized among the population, and the construction of monuments to the fallen liberators was started and successfully completed in all regional centers of the region. The peculiarity was that the installation of monuments in honor of the Heroes of the Carpathians took place long before the end of the Great Patriotic War / World War II, which was not observed in other territories of the Ukrainian SSR. One of the other paradoxes was that, so, the representatives of the Hungarian minority of the region demonstrated their appreciation for their "liberation from Hungarian domination".

scholarly journals Functional, social and technical aspects of wooden leisure architecture of Lodz surroundings

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 057-072
Author(s):  
Wojciech Pardała
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Set Up

Paper sums up different types of wooden leisure architecture of surroundings of Lodz, pointing at the most notable, emerging at the time of modernism, „glass house” made of wood. They emerged, in the mid-30s, as a fulfillment of a few garden-cities (conceived mostly as a leisure towns). Wooden houses, built in at least three different styles (local village-like, national and modern), became part of densely set-up complexes. Leisure houses were used as intended, only for a few years, before the World War II. Their use has changed form leisure to all-year housing, lasting till now, causing many conservational, technical and social problems. Now, among the growing knowledge of their value to history of architecture and urbanism, some ideas how to renew them, appear. A few of them are proposed by the local society of Kolumna „forest-city”.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Probabilistic Record Linkage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Asher ◽  
Dean Resnick ◽  
Jennifer Brite ◽  
Robert Brackbill ◽  
James Cone
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World War ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Data Standardization ◽  
Probabilistic Record Linkage ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Different Types

Since its post-World War II inception, the science of record linkage has grown exponentially and is used across industrial, governmental, and academic agencies. The academic fields that rely on record linkage are diverse, ranging from history to public health to demography. In this paper, we introduce the different types of data linkage and give a historical context to their development. We then introduce the three types of underlying models for probabilistic record linkage: Fellegi-Sunter based methods, machine learning methods, and Bayesian methods. Practical considerations such as data standardization and privacy concerns are then discussed. Finally, recommendations are given for organizations developing or maintaining record linkage programs, with an emphasis on organizations measuring long-term complications of disasters such as 9/11.

Laughter in the Ghetto

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Lisa Peschel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Theatrical Performances ◽  
Almost All

The World War II Jewish ghetto at Theresienstadt, forty miles northwest of Prague, was the site of an uncommonly active cultural life. Survivor testimony about the prisoners’ theatrical performances inspired a question: why were almost all of the scripts written in the ghetto comedies? The recent rediscovery of several scripts has made possible a detailed analysis that draws from recent research on the psychological effects of different types of humour. This analysis reveals that, regardless of age, language or nationality, the Theresienstadt authors universally drew upon two potentially adaptive types of humour (self-enhancing and affiliative humour) rather than two potentially maladaptive types (aggressive and self-defeating humour). Perhaps instinctively, they chose the very types of humour that have a demonstrated association with psychological health and that may have helped them preserve their psychological equilibrium in the potentially traumatising environment of the ghetto.

Reconstructing infrastructure for resilient essential services during and following protracted conflict: A conceptual framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (912) ◽  
pp. 1001-1029
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Hay ◽  
Bryan Karney ◽  
Nick Martyn
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Local Population ◽  
System Of Systems ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
World War ◽  
Protracted Conflict ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Conflicting Interests

AbstractThe rehabilitation of essential services infrastructure following hostilities, whether during a conflict or post-conflict, is a complex undertaking. This is made more complicated in protracted conflicts due to the continuing cycle of damage and expedient repair amid changing demands. The rehabilitation paradigm that was developed for the successful post-World War II rehabilitation of Germany and Japan has been less successful since. There are a myriad of conflicting interests that impede its application, yet the issue consistently comes down to a lack of systems-level understanding of the current situation on the ground and a lack of alignment between what is delivered and the actual local need. This article proposes a novel conceptual framework to address this, affording a greater “system of systems” understanding of the local essential services and how they can be restored to reflect the changed needs of the local population that has itself been changed by the conflict. The recommendations draw on heuristic practice and commercially available tools to provide a practicable approach to restoring infrastructure function in order to enable essential services that are resilient to temporary returns to violence and support the overall rehabilitation of the affected community.

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