scholarly journals Designing AI for Explainability and Verifiability: A Value Sensitive Design Approach to Avoid Artificial Stupidity in Autonomous Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Umbrello ◽  
Roman V. Yampolskiy
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Value Sensitive Design ◽  
Decision Matrix ◽  
Engineering Teams ◽  
Matrix Algorithms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ethical Design ◽  
Emerging Issues

AbstractOne of the primary, if not most critical, difficulties in the design and implementation of autonomous systems is the black-boxed nature of the decision-making structures and logical pathways. How human values are embodied and actualised in situ may ultimately prove to be harmful if not outright recalcitrant. For this reason, the values of stakeholders become of particular significance given the risks posed by opaque structures of intelligent agents. This paper explores how decision matrix algorithms, via the belief-desire-intention model for autonomous vehicles, can be designed to minimize the risks of opaque architectures. Primarily through an explicit orientation towards designing for the values of explainability and verifiability. In doing so, this research adopts the Value Sensitive Design (VSD) approach as a principled framework for the incorporation of such values within design. VSD is recognized as a potential starting point that offers a systematic way for engineering teams to formally incorporate existing technical solutions within ethical design, while simultaneously remaining pliable to emerging issues and needs. It is concluded that the VSD methodology offers at least a strong enough foundation from which designers can begin to anticipate design needs and formulate salient design flows that can be adapted to the changing ethical landscapes required for utilisation in autonomous vehicles.

scholarly journals Search-Based Planning and Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Systems and Robotics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Than Le
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Optimal Trajectory ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Autonomous Mobile Robots ◽  
Artificial Intelligent ◽  
Unstructured Environment ◽  
And Robotics ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

<p>In this chapter, we address the competent Autonomous Vehicles should have the ability to analyze the structure and unstructured environments and then to localize itself relative to surrounding things, where GPS, RFID or other similar means cannot give enough information about the location. Reliable SLAM is the most basic prerequisite for any further artificial intelligent tasks of an autonomous mobile robots. The goal of this paper is to simulate a SLAM process on the advanced software development. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation of the system over time. And the software architecture will help us to focus our work to realize our wish with least trivial work. It is an open-source meta-operating system, which provides us tremendous tools for robotics related problems.</p> <p>Specifically, we address the advanced vehicles should have the ability to analyze the structured and unstructured environment based on solving the search-based planning and then we move to discuss interested in reinforcement learning-based model to optimal trajectory in order to apply to autonomous systems.</p>

scholarly journals The 'Future Internet' and crime: Towards a criminology of the Internet of Things

Crimen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-271
Author(s):  
Sanja Milivojević ◽  
Elizabeth Radulski
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Smart Things ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is poised to revolutionise the way we live and communicate, and the manner in which we engage with our social and natural world. In the IoT, objects such as household items, vending machines and cars have the ability to sense and share data with other things, via wireless, Bluetooth, or Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology. "Smart things" have the capability to control their performance, as well as our experiences and decisions. In this exploratory paper, we overview recent developments in the IoT technology, and their relevance for criminology. Our aim is to partially fill the gap in the literature, by flagging emerging issues criminologists and social scientists ought to engage with in the future. The focus is exclusively on the IoT while other advances, such as facial recognition technology, are only lightly touched upon. This paper, thus, serves as a starting point in the conversation, as we invite scholars to join us in forecasting-if not preventing-the unwanted consequences of the "future Internet".

The Exploration of Autonomous Vehicles

2022 ◽  
pp. 930-944
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Gephardt ◽  
Elizabeth Baoying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Artificial Intelligent ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

This chapter explores the world of autonomous vehicles. Starting from the beginning, it covers the history of the automobile dating back to 1769. It explains how the first production automobile came about in 1885. The chapter dives into the history of auto safety, ranging from seatbelts to full-on autonomous features. One of the main focuses is the creation and implementation of artificial intelligent (AI), neural networks, intelligent agents, and deep Learning Processes. Combining the hardware on the vehicle with the intelligence of AI creates what we know as autonomous vehicles today.

Artificial Intelligence and Human-Robot Teaming

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Xuefei (Nancy) Deng
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Value Sensitive Design ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Team Setting ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Team Trust

Artificial Intelligence or AI is the theory and development of computer systems that can think and act humanly and rationally. AI is gradually transforming our work and life. Along with the increasing presence of robots in our lives arises the fear that AI may take away human jobs. Debates or worries notwithstanding, AI and robots are increasingly brought into the teams of human workers, but our understanding of this emerging human-robot teaming phenomenon remains limited. This chapter presents a brief overview of AI and discusses the relationship between AI and knowledge management. Moreover, it focuses on understanding key issues arising in the collaboration between human and intelligent agents (i.e. robots) in the team setting, and coping strategies and design considerations. This chapter also discusses the value sensitive design framework as a useful tool for incorporating the values of agent transparency and team trust into the design of human-robotic systems. The chapter concludes with the new perspective of augmented intelligence and promising avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Influence of External Environmental Factors on Range Estimation of Autonomous Hybrid Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 472-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Zöldy ◽  
Imre Zsombók
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Environmentally Conscious ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Electric Driving ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Matrix

AbstractDuring our research, we focus on a less researched area in the development of autonomous vehicles. Automotive industry is turning more and more from conventional, internal combustion engine equipped vehicles to the electric cars. Today, electric driving is mostly limited to urban traffic, this is the area where range and refueling limits can be a real alternative. However, it is important to think of those who intend to use vehicle in longer distances, and hybrid technology can provide them a modern, environmentally conscious way of transport.In this article, we describe the method of creating the fuel consumption influencing factors matrix, which is the starting point of our research. We studied relevant researches and based on refueling studies we created the matrix. Based on results of real tests, we determined the factor mix that are the basis of our fuel consumption prediction model. These results will be inputs of planning routes of autonomous vehicles with optimized refueling and fuel consumption.

scholarly journals From the Tree of Knowledge and the Golem of Prague to Kosher Autonomous Cars: The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Through Jewish Eyes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-156
Author(s):  
Nachshon (Sean) Goltz ◽  
John Zeleznikow ◽  
Tracey Dowdeswell
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Legal Personhood ◽  
Jewish Ethics ◽  
Tree Of Knowledge ◽  
Democratic Engagement

Abstract This article discusses the regulation of artificial intelligence from a Jewish perspective, with an emphasis on the regulation of machine learning and its application to autonomous vehicles and machine learning. Through the Biblical story of Adam and Eve as well as Golem legends from Jewish folklore, we derive several basic principles that underlie a Jewish perspective on the moral and legal personhood of robots and other artificially intelligent agents. We argue that religious ethics in general, and Jewish ethics in particular, show us that the dangers of granting moral personhood to robots and in particular to autonomous vehicles lie not in the fact that they lack a soul—or consciousness or feelings or interests—but because to do so weakens our own ability to develop as fully autonomous legal and moral persons. Instead, we argue that existing legal persons should continue to maintain legal control over artificial agents, while natural persons assume ultimate moral responsibility for choices made by artificial agents they employ in their service. In the final section of the article we discuss the trolley dilemma in the context of governing autonomous vehicles and sketch out an application of Jewish ethics in a case where we are asking Artificial Intelligence to make life and death decisions. Our novel contribution is two-fold; first, we bring a religious approach to the discussion of the ethics of Artificial Intelligence which has hitherto been dominated by secular Western philosophies; second, we raise the idea that artificial entities who are trained through machine learning can be ethically trained in much the same way that human are—through reading and reflecting on core religious texts. This is both a way of ensuring the ethical regulation of artificial intelligence, but also promotes other core values of regulation, such as democratic engagement and user choice.

Toward Risk-Informed Operation of Autonomous Vehicles to Increase Resilience in Unknown and Dangerous Environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Mimlitz ◽  
Adam Short ◽  
Douglas L. Van Bossuyt
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Critical System ◽  
Scientific Mission

Operation of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems in hostile and expensive-to-access environments requires great care and a risk-informed operating mentality to protect critical system assets. Space exploration missions, such as the Mars Exploration Rover systems Opportunity and Curiosity, are very costly and difficult to replace. These systems are operated in a very risk-averse manner to preserve the functionality of the systems. By constraining system operations to risk-averse activities, scientific mission goals cannot be achieved if they are deemed too risky. We present a quantifiable method that increases the lifetime efficiency of obtaining scientific goals via the implementation of the Goal-Oriented, Risk Attitude-Driven Reward Optimization (GORADRO) method and a case study conducted with simulated testing of the method. GORADRO relies upon local area information obtained by the system during operations and internal Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) information to determine system health and potential localized risks such as areas where a system may become trapped (e.g.: sand pits, overhangs, overly steep slopes, etc.) while attempting to access scientific mission objectives through using an adaptable operating risk attitude. The results of our simulations and hardware validation using GORADRO show a large increase in the lifetime performance of autonomous rovers in a variety of environments, terrains, and situations given a sufficiently tuned set of risk attitude parameters. Through designing a GORADRO behavioral risk attitude set of parameters, it is possible to increase system resilience in unknown and dangerous environments encountered in space exploration and other similarly hazardous environments.

scholarly journals Homokhátság - a special rural area affected by aridification in the Carpathian basin, Hungary

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Donát Kovács ◽  
Edit Hoyk ◽  
Jenő Zsolt Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In Hungary, the aridification primarily affects the Great Hungarian Plain, most specifically the “Homokhátság” area which is part of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve. On the basis of our experience gained in the past 15 years, we would like to give an insight into the complex problems of this rural region. Our starting point is the aridification process and water scarcity which are characteristic features of this area for the last century. We investigate the related problems in land use management such as unfavourable land use and vegetation changes and the challenges in the local economy and social sustainability. In this respect we introduce the emerging issues in agriculture, forestry and nature conservation which may be relevant in European context too. We have discovered specific factors related to the devaluation of the rural environment and found that significant part of the unfavourable phenomena can be explained by the combined effect of climatic changes, improper land use and inappropriate environmental management. Based on our findings we outline a possible regional pathway for a sustainable rural development.

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