Economic design of alternative system to reduce the water distribution losses for sustainability

AbstractWater companies and their consumers affected with leakages in water distribution system worldwide. This has attracted many practitioner’s attention as well as researchers over the past years. Selected study area suffers from water losses of about 10 to 15% which accounts to loss of about 9 to 9.75 million liters per month. The present study was under taken to understand, analyze and evaluate the losses and suggest preventive measures of wrapping and repair clamping for control of these losses. The assessment of water losses is done through comparative analysis of data using Microsoft Excel software. Population forecasting is done in context of assessing the amount of water lost that can be prevented in future decades, adjusting to increased water demand and losses. For better efficiency of the suggested methods, experimental analysis was carried out on a reduced scale model of a single stretched pipeline. Cost estimation of the preventive measures was done by obtaining information about the materials used by trading professionals.

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Biofilm forming ability of Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolated from community drinking water systems on plumbing materials used in water distribution

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2017.294 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 942-954 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Parul Gulati ◽

Moushumi Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Distribution System ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Sphingomonas Paucimobilis ◽

Simulated Distribution ◽

Flow Through ◽

Materials Used ◽

Biofilm Development

Sphingomonas paucimobilis, an oligotroph, is well recognized for its potential for biofilm formation. The present study explored the biofilm forming ability of a strain isolated from municipal drinking water on plumbing materials. The intensity of biofilm formation of this strain on different plumbing materials was examined by using 1 × 1 cm2 pieces of six different pipe materials, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu) and rubber (R) and observing by staining with the chemical chromophore, Calcofluor. To understand whether biofilm formation occurs under flow through conditions, a laboratory-scale simulated distribution system, comprised of the above materials was fabricated. Biofilm samples were collected from the designed system at different biofilm ages (10, 40 and 90 hours old) and enumerated. The results indicated that the biofilm formation occurred on all plumbing materials with Cu and R as exceptions. The intensity of biofilm formation was found to be maximum on PVC followed by PP and PE. We also demonstrated the chemical chromophore (Calcofluor) successfully for rapid and easy visual detection of biofilms, validated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the plumbing materials. Chlorination has little effect in preventing biofilm development.

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Design and Development of Water Distribution Monitoring System in Regional Drinking Water Companies (PDAM) Based On Internet Of Things

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2111/1/012024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2111 (1) ◽

pp. 012024

Author(s):

Efrizon ◽

M. Irmansyah ◽

Era Madona ◽

N Anggara ◽

Yultrisna

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Water Level ◽

Water Flow ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Discharge ◽

Flow Sensor ◽

Sensor Reading ◽

Water Companies ◽

Monitor Data

Abstract The purpose of this study is to create a prepaid PDAM clean water distribution system using a microcontroller based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The hardware used to realize the system consists of ultrasonic sensors, water flow sensors, relays, LCD buzzers and Arduino. ESP 8266 01 for delivery to the Thingspeak app. From the test results obtained HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor reading error occurs when the water level is low and too high, the maximum measurable water level is 95%. When calculating the comparison between the water discharge that is read by the sensor and that measured by the measuring cup, the results are always not the same. The error when testing the water flow sensor at the water level is less than 49% this is influenced by the speed of the water fired by the pump, where the pump will be under low pressure when the water level is below that value. The system can monitor data readings from the water flow sensor using the ESP8266 monitored on the thinkspeak web server using a smartphone. Overall the tool can function well.

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Using real options for an eco-friendly design of water distribution systems

Journal of Hydroinformatics ◽

10.2166/hydro.2014.122 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 20-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

João Marques ◽

Maria Cunha ◽

Dragan A. Savić

Keyword(s):

Real Options ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

System Development ◽

Water Distribution Systems ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Real Options Approach ◽

Materials Used

This paper presents a real options approach to handling uncertainties associated with the long-term planning of water distribution system development. Furthermore, carbon emissions associated with the installation and operation of water distribution networks are considered. These emissions are computed by taking an embodied energy approach to the different materials used in water networks. A simulated annealing heuristic is used to optimise a flexible eco-friendly design of water distribution systems for an extended life horizon. This time horizon is subdivided into different time intervals in which different possible decision paths can be followed. The proposed approach is applied to a case study and the results are presented according to a decision tree. Lastly, some comparisons and results are used to demonstrate the quality of the results of this approach.

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Integrating water distribution system efficiency into the water conservation strategy for California: a Los Angeles perspective

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2017.166 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1030-1048 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kartiki S. Naik ◽

Madelyn Glickfeld

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Water Loss ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Conservation Strategy ◽

Water Losses ◽

High Data ◽

Distribution Efficiency

Abstract Improving water management in California requires a transition from imported to local water resources used efficiently. To assess this transitional capacity of water retailers in metropolitan Los Angeles County, we focused on a key water management metric: the water distribution efficiency. We traced the evolution of water loss reduction policy and practices globally with emphasis on California. California Senate Bills 1420 and 555 mandate annual water auditing and reporting for urban water suppliers. We surveyed and evaluated ten water retailers' approaches to monitor and reduce losses. Four of ten sampled water retailers monitored real losses, averaging 3–4% of total water supplied. Only three of ten sampled water retailers employed leak detection technology. Of the six sampled retailers with annual pipe replacement strategies, four retailers followed inadequate rehabilitation schedules. Most of the sampled retailers monitor water losses in percent, which misrepresents the actual volume. While a necessary step, California water loss legislation relies on the American Water Works Association Water Audit software. Verifying reported data for randomly selected retailers can ensure high data quality. Small retailers are exempt from mandatory water loss monitoring, and they need state support and resource pooling to improve their water distribution efficiency.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOFILMS FROM SELECTED SYNTHETIC MATERIALS USED IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Journal of Ecological Engineering ◽

10.12911/22998993/67850 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 284-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Izabela Biedroń ◽

Teodora Traczewska ◽

Tomasz Konieczny ◽

Grażyna Płaza

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Synthetic Materials ◽

Materials Used

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A Six Sigma Approach to Water Savings

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development ◽

10.5296/emsd.v6i2.10953 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 98

Author(s):

Ryland Cairns ◽

Michael Macpherson

Keyword(s):

Six Sigma ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Demand Management ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Water Losses ◽

Water Savings ◽

Wide Range ◽

Six Sigma Approach

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of a six sigma approach to reducing water losses through a combination of water efficiency and leak detection on a private distribution system. The paper takes the form of a case study that investigates the implementation of water reduction strategy across an estate with 26 miles of potable water pipe and over 200 facilities. This incorporates methods developed in the water industry such as water loss reduction and water demand management. The paper demonstrates that large water savings could be made through adoption of a six sigma approach. The approach has the potential to be applied to a wide range of situations including sites with limited technology. This case study provides a useful source for Facilities Managers involved in the management of utilities to determine suitable water saving approaches and strategies for large estates with private water distribution networks.

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Prediction model for the leakage rate in a water distribution system

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2021.194 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Burak Kizilöz

Keyword(s):

Transmission Lines ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Leakage Rate ◽

Pressure Effects ◽

Model Accuracy ◽

Water Losses ◽

Modelling Studies ◽

Artificial Neural Network Ann

Abstract Leakages cause real losses in water distribution systems (WDSs) from transmission lines, storage tanks, networks, and service connections. In particular, the amount of leakage increases in aging networks due to pressure effects, resulting in severe water losses. In this study, various artificial neural network (ANN) models are considered for determining monthly leakage rates and the variables that affect leakage. The monthly data, which are standardized by Z-score for the years 2016–2019, are used in these models by selecting four independent variables that affect the leakage rate regarding district metered areas and pressure metered areas in WDSs. The pressure effects are taken into consideration directly as input. The model accuracy is determined by comparing the predicted and measured data. Furthermore, the leakage rates are estimated by directly modelling the actual data with ANNs. Consequently, it is found that the model results after data standardization are somewhat better than the original nonstandardized data model results when 30 neurons are used in a single hidden layer. The reason for the higher accuracy in the standardized case compared with previous modelling studies is that the pressure effect is taken into consideration. The suggested models improve the model accuracy, and hence, the methodology of this paper supports an improved pressure management system and leakage reduction.

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Introducing an economic agricultural water distribution in a hyper-arid region: a case study in Iran

Journal of Hydroinformatics ◽

10.2166/hydro.2021.008 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mehdi Yaltaghian Khiabani ◽

Seied Mehdy Hashemy Shahdan ◽

Yousef Hassani ◽

Jose M. Maestre

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Economic Value ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Water Losses ◽

Irrigation Network ◽

Economic Strategies ◽

Operational Management ◽

Positive Mathematical Programming

Abstract Operational management of agricultural water based on an economic perspective was investigated as a sustainable approach in water shortage periods. Accordingly, an automatic water distribution system was coupled with the Positive Mathematical Programming economic model for a sustainable agricultural water operation in the Roodasht irrigation network, Iran. Operational management was carried out based on the economic value of water in each irrigated unit. According to the results, the existing operating system was able to supply 71 and 22% of farmers’ water requirements under normal and water shortage conditions, respectively. However, employing the proposed automated operational-economic approach reduced water consumption by 14.3%, while maintaining the cultivation area by 11% and increasing farmers’ net profit to 840,000 USD under water scarcity. The economic operation can reduce water losses, implement economic strategies in those districts without water marketing mechanisms, and provide sustainable management of limited water resources in hyper-arid regions.

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Impact of monitoring on the mean time to repair of the water supply network

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20184400101 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 00101

Author(s):

Magdalena Łój-Pilch ◽

Anita Zakrzewska

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Repair Time ◽

Supply Network ◽

Water Losses ◽

Water Supply Network ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Before And After

The introduction of monitoring to a water supply network results in reducing its failure rate, increasing its reliability as well as improving the quality of water supplied to consumers, reducing water losses and increasing work safety in a water distribution system. Monitoring enables detection of leakages that could go unnoticed without this system, facilitates detection of leakages and location of failures, i.e. it shortens the repair time — or rather its component — the awaiting-repair time. This paper presents the results of the reliability analysis for a city located in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region before and after the implementation of monitoring to the water supply network.

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A Practical Approach for Prioritizing The Replacement of Water Pipes in Mexico City

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-1278-s07-5 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1278 ◽

Author(s):

V. Tzatchkov ◽

M. P. Hansen ◽

H. Ramírez

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Practical Approach ◽

List Type ◽

Water Losses ◽

One Year ◽

The City

AbstractIn Mexico City, one of the largest cities in the world, large losses occur in the drinking water distribution system, mainly due to the age of the pipes and the type of materials used in water delivery to the end user. In the past, most of the water distribution networks in the city were built with asbestos-cement pipes. Currently, policies dictate that they be replaced by polyethylene pipes. While the size of the city leads to limited financial resources, it is important to prioritize pipe replacement; therefore, a practical approach based on Deterioration Point Allocation (DPA) is proposed to define the priority level. In the next set of factors, each is represented by appropriate indicators:1. Failures in pipes and service connectionsa. Number of failures (leaks) in pipes repaired in one year for every 100 km of pipeline.b. Number of failures (leaks) repaired in one year per 1000 service connections.c. Spatial concentration of failures (leaks) in a pipe2. Annual pipe and service connections rehabilitation or replacement level per year.3. Operating parameters of the network: intermittent water supply, water pressure, and water losses4. Deterioration status of pipes and service connections5. Land subsidenceA score and a weight are assigned to each factor. The score depends on the values of the indicator, and the weight on the relative importance of the factor. The final score is used to prioritize the replacement and it is calculated by adding up the scores of each factor.Considering that available information is incomplete and unstructured, two levels of use are proposed: basic (with available data, using MS Excel) and advanced (using a GIS).

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