scholarly journals Field test investigation of the performance of corrosion inhibitors: a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kheira Gharbi ◽  
Samira Chouicha ◽  
Malcolm Andrew Kelland
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Double Function

AbstractCorrosion is considered one of the major problems that affect flow assurance during hydrocarbon production. This irreversible phenomenon has the ability to cause serious material failure in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, heavy capital and operational costs are required to prevent corrosion processes. Sweet corrosion of raw gas production facilities in an Algerian gas field manifests inside surface installations, which leads to gas production interruption and high intervention costs. To mitigate this type of corrosion, many methods can be applied such as the selection of appropriate materials, the injection of inhibitors, and the use of protective coating. In this work, the main points of gas production system that have been affected by corrosion and the inspection techniques used in the studied field were reviewed. Moreover, the efficiency of two types of two corrosion inhibitors (film-forming/neutralizing and film-forming chemicals) was studied by measuring the corrosion rate in the field and conducting chemical analyses on the produced water samples in the laboratory. The results of laboratory analyses regarding pH and iron content measurement point out that the injection of film-forming/neutralizing chemical significantly shifted the pH of the medium from acid to more neutral value and decreased the iron content, while the injection of film-forming inhibitor affected only the iron content by decreasing its tenor in the water samples. These results confirm the functions of each inhibitor to protect metal against internal corrosion. The comparison between the single- and double-function inhibitors reveals that the film-forming inhibitor (CK981DZ) outperforms the film-forming/ neutralizing chemical with an efficiency that exceeds 99% at low injection rate. Moreover, it provides good compatibility and stability all through its injection path. Meanwhile, the application of double function inhibitor (film-forming/neutralizing) significantly reduced the corrosion rate of carbon steel structures, but it involved the formation of deposits in the gas processing plant. The findings from this study can help give a better understanding of the methodology of corrosion inhibitor performance evaluation in real condition of gas production, also the criteria of inhibitor screening based on laboratory and field tests.

Selection of an inhibitor for corrosion protection of the inter-pipe space of the underwater transition of the “Pavlodar – Shymkent” oil pipeline through the Irtysh river

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Pipe Steel ◽  
Corrosive Environment ◽  
Static Mode ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Protective Ability ◽  
Irtysh River ◽  
The Irtysh River

The article presents a study of the protection degree of a model inhibiting solution samples in order to select the optimal inhibitor for protecting the annular space of the underwater crossing of the “Pavlodar-Shymkent” main oil pipeline across the Irtysh river built by the pipe-in-pipe method. In order to determine the corrosion rate of pipe steel we used witness coupons made of 17G1S steel similar to the steel of the pipeline in operation. Gravimetric and electrochemical methods were used to study the inhibitory properties of inhibiting solutions consisting of corrosion inhibitors Rancor 1101, CRW 82590, VpCI 337, ForeRP 40, and water from the Irtysh river. We carried out comparative analysis of the corrosion rates of pipe steel and the protection degree of inhibitor solutions at various concentrations. Any of inhibitors in concentrations from 50 to 750 ppm, in static mode, do not provide a protective effect, at which steel 17G1S shows increased resistance in a corrosive environment of water samples from the river Irtysh (reduction of the average corrosion rate to 0.005 mm/year according to GOST). Comparing the protective ability of corrosion inhibitors in a corrosive environment from water samples from r. Irtysh, it has been exhibited that the Baker Hughes inhibitor CRW 82590 shows the best protective ability, in static mode during gravimetric studies 80,38% (500 ppm) and 82,52% (750 ppm), in static mode during electrochemical studies 85,90% (500 and 750 ppm).

Analysis of regulatory requirements for the assessment of carbon dioxide corrosion at gas production facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Zapevalov ◽  
R. K. Vagapov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Local Corrosion ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Corrosion ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Production Facilities

Aim.In many fields, the produced gas contains corrosive CO2, which, in combination with moisture and other factors, stimulates the intensive development of corrosion processes, including local ones, which requires careful attention to the assessment of the corrosiveness of operating fluids in order to select effective anti-corrosion protection. Ensuring reliable and safe operation of equipment and pipelines prevents not only man-made risks, but also no less important environmental risks, which are especially dangerous for marine underwater facilities for Arctic coastal facilities.Methods.The analysis of normative and technical documentation in the field of assessment of corrosion risks, aggressive factors of internal corrosion and operating conditions of gas and gas condensate fields has been carried out.Results.One of the criteria for assessing the corrosion hazard is the corrosion rate of steel under operating conditions. However, the normative documents predominantly regulate the general corrosion rate, which evaluates the uniform thinning of the metal. But the rate of local corrosion is in no way taken into account, which is most relevant precisely for the conditions of carbon dioxide corrosion of steel. Another tool for identifying risks can be a corrosion allowance to the pipe wall thickness, which should be selected at the design stage and which is provided to compensate for corrosion losses during the operation of gas pipelines. It is shown that the minimum corrosion allowance (3 mm) specified in the main regulatory documents is insufficient, especially for offshore facilities.Conclusion.The experience of operating gas production facilities confirms that the rate of local corrosion can reach several mm/year. To limit this, effective anti-corrosion measures should be chosen, for example, the use of corrosion inhibitors, and a reasonable level of corrosion allowance should be provided that would take into account the corresponding level of corrosion risks at the gas production facility.

ON THE PROCESSING OF HEMATITE RAW MATERIALS AT THE KRYVOROZHSK MINING AND PROCESSING PLANT OF OXIDIZED ORE ON TECHNOLOGY OF DIRECT RECOVERY ITmk3

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
P.I. Loboda ◽  
Younes Razaz ◽  
S. Grishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
High Iron ◽  
Direct Restoration ◽  
First Time

Purpose. To substantiate the efficiency of processing hematite raw materials at the Krivoy Rog Mining and Processing Plant of Oxidized Ores using the direct reduction technology itmk3®. Metodology. Analysis of the results of the itmk3® direct restoration technology developed by Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan and Hares Engineering GmbX, Austria, with a view to using it to process Krivbass hematite ores into granulated iron (so-called “nuggets”). Findings. The involvement in the production of hematite ores (oxidized quartzite) of Krivbass with high iron content, but with low magnetic properties for their processing into granular cast iron is grounded. Originality. The use of itmk3® direct reduction technology from Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan and Hares Engineering GmbH, Austria for the processing of Krivbass hematite ores into granular cast iron is justified for the first time. Practical value. The efficiency of the use of hematite ores (oxidized quartzite) has been substantiated, which can significantly reduce the costs in the mining cycle for the economical production of metallurgical products.

Water treatment to reduce internal corrosion in the drinking water distribution system in Oslo

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Hem ◽  
E.A. Vik ◽  
A. Bjørnson-Langen
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Copper Corrosion ◽  
Iron Corrosion ◽  
Internal Corrosion

In 1995 the new Skullerud water treatment plant was put into operation. The new water treatment includes colour removal and corrosion control with an increase of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in addition to the old treatment, which included straining and chlorination only. Comparative measurements of internal corrosion were conducted before and after the installation of the new treatment plant. The effect of the new water treatment on the internal corrosion was approximately a 20% reduction in iron corrosion and a 70% reduction in copper corrosion. The heavy metals content in standing water was reduced by approximately 90%. A separate internal corrosion monitoring programme was conducted, studying the effects of other water qualities on the internal corrosion rate. Corrosion coupons were exposed to the different water qualities for nine months. The results showed that the best protection of iron was achieved with water supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Neither a high content of free carbon dioxide or the use of the corrosion inhibitor sodium silicate significantly reduced the iron corrosion rate compared to the present treated water quality. The copper corrosion rate was mainly related to the pH in the water.

scholarly journals Sacrificial Dissolution of Zinc Electroplated and Cold Galvanized Coated Steel in Saline and Soil Environments: A Comparison

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Ameeq Farooq ◽  
Umer Masood Chaudry ◽  
Ahsan Saleem ◽  
Kashif Mairaj Deen ◽  
Kotiba Hamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Salt Spray ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Cyclic Polarization ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Soil Solutions

To protect steel structures, zinc coatings are mostly used as a sacrificial barrier. This research aims to estimate the dissolution tendency of the electroplated and zinc-rich cold galvanized (ZRCG) coatings of a controlled thickness (35 ± 1 μm) applied via brush and dip coating methods on the mild steel. To assess the corrosion behavior of these coated samples in 3.5% NaCl and 10% NaCl containing soil solutions, open circuit potential (OCP), cyclic polarization (CP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed. The more negative OCP and appreciably large corrosion rate of the electroplated and ZRCG coated samples in 3.5% NaCl solution highlighted the preferential dissolution of Zn coatings. However, in saline soil solution, the relatively positive OCP (>−850 mV vs. Cu/CuSO4) and lower corrosion rate of the electroplated and ZRCG coatings compared to the uncoated steel sample indicated their incapacity to protect the steel substrate. The CP scans of the zinc electroplated samples showed a positive hysteresis loop after 24 h of exposure in 3.5% NaCl and saline soil solutions attributing to the localized dissolution of the coating. Similarly, the appreciable decrease in the charge transfer resistance of the electroplated samples after 24 h of exposure corresponded to their accelerated dissolution. Compared to the localized dissolution of the electroplated and brush-coated samples, the dip-coated ZRCG samples exhibited uniform dissolution during the extended exposure (500 h) salt spray test.

scholarly journals Application of Ozone and Oxygen to Reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand and Hydrogen Sulfide from a Recovered Paper Processing Plant

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Short Contact Time ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Fox River

A pilot study was performed at the Fox River Fiber recovered paper processing company in DePere, Wisconsin, to determine the extent to which injection of oxygen and ozone could reduce the high chemical oxygen demand, COD, in the effluent and the effectiveness of the ozone/oxygen stream in suppressing production of hydrogen sulfide gas in downstream sewage lines. Adaptive Ozone Solutions, LLC, supplied the oxygen/ozone generation and injection system. Samples were analyzed both before and after oxygen/ozone injection. Hydrogen sulfide gas was continuously monitored at sewer stations downstream of Fox River Fiber. Results showed that with a very short contact time, effluent COD was reduced by over 15%. A simple kinetic model predicts that a contact time of fewer than 30 minutes could reduce COD by as much as 60%. In addition, downstream hydrogen sulfide gas production in the sewage mains was also better controlled, such that costly Bioxide applications could be reduced.

Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment for Pipelines Carrying Wet Gas - Methodology

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Moghissi ◽  
Deanna Burwell ◽  
Rick Eckert ◽  
Jose Vera ◽  
Narasi Sridhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Flow Regimes ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Integrity Verification ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
Flow Effects

An Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment methodology is proposed for wet gas pipelines (WG-ICDA). Wet gas systems (i.e., those normally containing liquids) include storage and gathering systems with large gas-to-liquid volume ratios. Wet gas systems are not well represented by ICDA for normally dry gas, and existing corrosion models applied to wet gas systems are not sufficiently targeted at integrity verification. The essential focus of WG-ICDA compared to other internal corrosion models is the discrimination of conditions along the length of a pipeline so that possible local integrity threats with respect to internal corrosion are identified and mitigated. The basis of WG-ICDA is to prioritize locations along a pipeline segment by factors of traditional corrosion rate, flow effects, and other influencing factors. Corrosion rate depends on gas quality, liquid chemistry, pressure, and temperature. The corrosion rate can be normalized because WG-ICDA as integrity verification only concerns itself with corrosion distribution (i.e., the location along a pipeline segment where corrosion is more severe than other locations). Flow effects include possible flow regimes and the presence of water from condensation (at locations of heat loss). Expected possible flow regimes are stratified, slugging, and annular. The final term captures other factors influencing corrosion rate distribution. These factors include corrosion inhibition (batch and continuous, solubility and dispersibility in hydrocarbon and aqueous phases), biocide treatments, hydrocarbon condensates (including emulsion characteristics), maintenance pigging, bacteria, solids/scale, and other products. WG-ICDA follows the same four-step process as all other Direct Assessment (DA) methods: 1) Pre-Assessment: Data is collected, a feasibility analysis is performed, and the pipeline segment is divided into regions. 2) Indirect Inspections: Measurements are taken or calculations are performed to prioritize locations along a particular pipeline segment for susceptibility to corrosion. For WG-ICDA, the factors contributing to the distribution of corrosion will be included and an initial assumption about corrosion distribution will be made. WG-ICDA is sufficiently flexible to allow the use of existing wet gas models within the framework of the overall process. 3) Direct (or Detailed) Examinations: The pipe is excavated and examined at locations prioritized to have the highest likelihood of corrosion. The examination must have sufficient detail to determine the existence, extent, and severity of corrosion. Examination of the internal surface of a pipe can involve non-destructive examination methods sufficient to identify and characterize internal defects. 4) Post-Assessment: Analysis of the indirect and direct examination data is performed to determine overall pipeline integrity, prioritize repairs, and set the interval for the next assessment. If the results of excavations do not match the original assumption, the corrosion distribution model will be updated to guide the next excavations (i.e., the operator returns to step 2).

scholarly journals Effects of pre-charge temperatures on gas production and electrochemical performances of lithium-ion batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 01040
Author(s):  
Shi Xiaoyan ◽  
Ma Leilei ◽  
Wang Jiantao
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Electrochemical Performances ◽  
Capacity Retention ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Charge Temperature

Pre-charge as a key step in the battery manufacture processes, which has a great impact on the film-forming properties and electrochemical performances, especially the Li-rich system batteries. As a key influence factor, it is necessary to clarify the effect of pre-charge temperature on battery performance. In this paper, we mainly studied the influence of different pre-charge temperatures (25°C, 40°C, 60°C) on the gas production and electrochemical performance of the batteries. The results show that the increase of the pre-charge temperature will result in the increase of gas production, and the gas components are mainly CO2, H2. After the long-term cycle, the sample under 40°C maintains the highest capacity retention rate, and as the pre-charge temperature increases, the median voltage of the battery can be effectively increased. In addition, compared with room temperature pre-charge, high pre-charge temperature samples have more excellent rate performance.

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