ObjectivesTo examine the associations between self-stigma and diabetes duration in a sample of Japanese people with type 2 diabetes.DesignA secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study.SettingTwo university hospitals, one general hospital and one clinic in Tokyo, Japan.ParticipantsOutpatients with type 2 diabetes aged 20–74 years and receiving treatment from diabetes specialist physicians (n=209) completed a self-administered questionnaire.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSelf-stigma was measured as the primary outcome. Patient Activation Measure, body mass index and haemoglobin A1c were measured as secondary outcomes.ResultsOne-way analysis of covariance showed significant differences in self-stigma levels between the five groups of diabetes duration (≤5 years, 6–10 years, 11–15 years, 16–21 years and 22 years or more) after controlling for age, gender, education, marital status, diabetes treatment (insulin use) and diabetes-related complications, F(4,198)=2.83, p=0.026. Multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction showed statistically significant differences in self-stigma levels between the groups with ≤5 years (95% CI 59.63 to 69.73) and 11–15 years with diabetes (95% CI 71.12 to 80.82; p=0.020). The highest mean level of self-stigma was observed in the group having diabetes for 11–15 years.ConclusionsSelf-stigma was associated with diabetes duration and was lowest after diagnosis and gradually increased, with its highest levels being observed in those having diabetes for 11–15 years. Self-stigma takes time to develop and gradually increases in individuals as it is learnt through direct experiences of diabetes-related stigma after self-administering treatment in everyday social situations.
Evaluation of a Premixed Insulin Analog Suspension in Japanese People with Type 2 Diabetes and the Clinical Importance of Improved Injection Techniques: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study