scholarly journals Simulation of the natural draft for test bench measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Dennis Krüger ◽  
Volker Lenz ◽  
Tobias Ulbricht
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Natural Draft ◽  
Single Room ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Calibration Parameters

AbstractSingle room heaters are usually type tested with constant draft and are allowed under these conditions. However, the mode of operation of the user’s firing usually deviates significantly from these conditions of approval, since these are operated in most cases by natural draft and not by constant draft. Since the repeatability of natural draft is hardly given due to the changing environmental conditions, a simulation has been developed, which can simulate the natural draft with high accuracy. Thus, it is basically possible to replicate the natural draft with constant environmental conditions and to use it for test bench measurements. It is a purely physical simulation that does not require any calibration parameters. Chimney geometry and environmental boundary conditions, such as the outside temperature, can be chosen freely. In addition, the cost of the necessary hardware is very low, since the system only needs cheap thermocouples, pressure sensors, and a small USB module for data acquisition.

Analysis of Overweight Truck Permit Policy in New Jersey

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110266
Author(s):  
Sami Demiroluk ◽  
Hani Nassif ◽  
Kaan Ozbay ◽  
Chaekuk Na
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Heavy Weight ◽  
Vehicle Route ◽  
Heavy Trucks ◽  
Maintenance And Rehabilitation ◽  
The Cost

The roadway infrastructure constantly deteriorates because of environmental conditions, but other factors such as exposure to heavy trucks exacerbates the rate of deterioration. Therefore, decision-makers are constantly searching for ways to optimize allocation of the limited funds for repair, maintenance, and rehabilitation of New Jersey’s infrastructure. New Jersey legislation requires operators of overweight (OW) trucks to obtain a permit to use the infrastructure. The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) issues a variety of permits based on the types of goods carried. These permits allow OW trucks to use the infrastructure either for a single trip or for multiple trips. Therefore, one major concern is whether the permit revenue of the agency can recoup the actual cost of damage to the infrastructure caused by these OW trucks. This study investigates whether NJDOT’s current permit fee program can collect enough revenue to meet the actual cost of damage to the infrastructure caused by these heavy-weight permit trucks. The infrastructure damage is estimated by using pavement and bridge deterioration models and New Jersey permit data from 2013 to 2018 containing vehicle configuration and vehicle route. The analysis indicates that although the cost of infrastructure damage can be recovered for certain permit types, there is room for improvement in the permit program. Moreover, based on permit rules in other states, the overall rank of the New Jersey permit program is evaluated and possible revisions are recommended for future permit policies.

Contour Extraction of Cerebrovascular Based on Maximum Optimization Cost

2011 ◽  
Vol 204-210 ◽  
pp. 1415-1418
Author(s):  
De Jiang Zhang ◽  
Na Na Dong ◽  
Xiao Mei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Cost Curve ◽  
Contour Extraction ◽  
Target Image ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conventional Algorithm

By studying the conventional algorithm of contour extraction, a new method of contour extraction in blood vessel of brain is proposed based on the MOC maximum optimization cost. First of all, the theory computes the gray differential of the image by conventional differential method to build the cost space. Then, by using dynamic programming theory, the maximum optimization cost curve in the space is extracted to serve as the specific cerebrovascular profile. The experiments show that this method ensures high efficiency in extracting cerebrovascular contour and a high accuracy in positioning cerebrovascular contour, and it diminishes the target image ambiguity caused by noise to improve the anti-interference ability of Contour extraction.

scholarly journals Cylinder pressure sensors for smart combustion control

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Vollberg ◽  
Dennis Wachter ◽  
Thomas Kuberczyk ◽  
Günter Schultes
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Full Detail ◽  
Relative Pressure ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control

Abstract. Different sensor concepts for time-resolved cylinder pressure monitoring of combustion engines are realized and evaluated in this paper. We distinguish a non-intrusive form of measurement outside the cylinder, performed by means of a force compression rod from intrusive, real in-cylinder measurement by means of pressure membrane sensors being exposed to the hot combustion process. The force compression rod has the shape of a sine wave with thinner zones equipped with highly sensitive foil strain gauges that experience a relatively moderate temperature level of 120 ∘C. The sensor rod delivers a relative pressure value that may be influenced by neighbour cylinders due to mechanical coupling. For the intrusive sensor type, two different materials for the membrane-type sensor element were simulated and tested, one based on the ceramic zirconia and the other based on stainless steel. Due to the higher thermal conductivity of steel, the element experiences only 200 ∘C while the zirconia element reaches 300 ∘C. Metallic chromium thin films with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor of 15) and high-temperature capability were deposited on the membranes and subsequently structured to a Wheatstone bridge. The pressure evolution can be measured with both types in full detail, comparable to the signals of test bench cylinder pressure sensors. For the preferential steel-based sensor type, a reliable laser-welded electrical connection between the thin films on the membrane and a copper wire was developed. The in-cylinder pressure sensors were tested both on a diesel test bench and on a gas-fired engine. On the latter, an endurance test with 20 million cycles was passed. Reliable cylinder pressure sensors with a minimum of internal components are thus provided. The signals will be processed inside the sensor housing to provide analysis and aggregated data, i.e. mass fraction burned (MFB50) and other parameters as an output to allow for smart combustion control.

scholarly journals Implantable Blood Pressure Sensors with Analogic Thermal Drift Compensation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Serigne Modou Die Mbacke ◽  
Mohammed El Gibari ◽  
Benjamin Lauzier ◽  
Chantal Gautier ◽  
Hongwu Li
Keyword(s):  
Output Voltage ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Equivalent Model ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Implantable Sensors ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Drift Compensation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conditioning Circuit

Implantable pressure sensors represent an important part of the research activity in laboratories. Unfortunately, their use is limited by cost, autonomy and temperature-related drifts. The cost of use depends on several parameters, particularly their low battery life and the need for miniaturization to be able to implant the animals and monitor them over a time that is long enough to be physiologically relevant. This paper studied the possibility of reducing the thermal drift of implantable sensors. To quantify and compensate for the thermal drift, we developed the equivalent model of the piezoresistive probe by using the Cadence software. Our model takes into account the temperature (34–39 °C) as well as the pressure (0–300 mmHg). We were thus able to identify the source of the drift and thanks to our model, we were able to compensate for it thanks to the compensation circuits added to the conditioning circuits of the sensor. The maximum relative drift of the sensor is (0.1 mV/°C)/3.6 mV (2.7%), a drift of the conditioning circuit is (0.98 mV/°C)/916 mV (0.1%) and the whole is (13.4 mV/°C)/420 mV (32%). The compensated sensor shows a relative maximum drift of (0.371 mV/°C)/405 mV (0.09%). The output voltage remains stable over the measurement temperature range.

scholarly journals Experimental Research into the Influence of Photodetector Types on Characteristics of Optical Mini-Sticks of Unified Human- Machine Interfaces

2018 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Golubin ◽  
Alexei N. Lomanov ◽  
Vladimir S. Nikitin ◽  
Valery M. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Path Diagram ◽  
Photo Detectors ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ray Path

The article provides the results of the experimental research into the influence of different types of photo detectors of digital optical mini­sticks on their transformation function – the useful mini­stick signal as a function of the mini­stick control lever deviation value. The set problem was solved using experimental research methods. Circuits with a photo diode (PIN photodiode PD15– 21B/TR8 manufactured by Everlight company) and circuits with a phototransistor (phototransistor KP2012P3C manufactured by Kingbright company) were studied. An automated test bench was used for the research. The test bench allows setting the mini­stick rotation angle and the value of mini­stick lever deviation from the central position to the left or to the right. The influence on mini­sticks was set by the test bench software. Based on the test results the test bench software plotted a ray path diagram. The mini­stick signal quality was assessed in terms of resolution, accuracy, non­linearity and hysteresis. The following results were obtained in the research. The mini­stick using a photo transistor as a photo detector ensures the output signal amplitude and resolution which exceed those of mini­stick with a photodiode by factor of 3.5 to 4. It allows using mini­sticks with a phototransistor for high­precision control of complex robotic systems, manipulators and aircraft, and for designing joysticks and unified human­machine interfaces on their basis. The indices of precision, non­linearity and hystere sis of both mini­stick types are comparable and meet the basic requirements applied to control devices. Thus, mini­sticks based on phototransistors can be regarded as the best in terms of the signal quality. Taking into consideration the circuitry, overall dimensions and the cost of hardware components which are identical for both photo detectors, mini­sticks based on phototransistors shall be considered to be more advanced switching devices.

scholarly journals Hereford Hospital Prescribing Study: Description and Usefulness1

1981 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 661-666
Author(s):  
J W Barnett ◽  
A W Alexander ◽  
J P Hutchby ◽  
J P Wood ◽  
B Bond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Diagnostic Data ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Link Information ◽  
Hospital Prescribing

The mode of operation of a computer-based information system designed to link information about drug usage to diagnostic data is described. Details of the cost of this system are given. It is shown that the running costs are approximately £20 000 per year. Examples are given of the uses made of the data collected.

scholarly journals High and dry: Trade-off in arboreal calling in a treefrog mediated by local environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda S Cicchino ◽  
Nicholas A Cairns ◽  
Grégory Bulté ◽  
Stephen C Lougheed
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Calling Behavior ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Trade-offs shaping behavioral variation are often influenced by the environment. We investigated the role that the environment plays in mediating trade-offs using a widespread frog with a conspicuous mating display, Pseudacris crucifer. We first demonstrated, using playback and desiccation experiments, that calling site selection involves a trade-off between sound transmission and desiccation. We then determined the influence of local environmental conditions on the intensity of the trade-off by examining range-wide behavioral and environmental data. We showed that the benefit of improved call transmission is positively influenced by vegetation density and ground cover. Behavioral data are consistent with this relationship: sites with a greater transmission benefit have increased prevalence of arboreally calling males. We also found that the prevalence of arboreal calling behavior increases with relative humidity and air temperature, suggesting an influence of these environmental variables on the desiccation cost of arboreal calling. This study provides a clear example of the role of the environment in mediating trade-off intensities and shaping critical behavioral traits. Local environment mediates the intensity of a trade-off associated with arboreal calling behavior in a treefrog. Combining observational and experimental approaches, we show that arboreal calling behavior increases the transmission of a mating call while potentially subjecting individuals to a rate of desiccation six times greater than terrestrial calling. Local environmental conditions influence both the benefit and the cost of this trade-off, subjecting different populations to varying trade-off intensities and shaping arboreal calling behavior.

The Effect of Humidity on the Stability of LTCC Pressure Sensors

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Zarnik ◽  
Darko Belavic
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Numerical Analyses ◽  
Capacitive Sensors ◽  
Differential Mode ◽  
Piezoresistive Sensors ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
The Stability

The Effect of Humidity on the Stability of LTCC Pressure SensorsLTCC-based pressure sensors are promising candidates for wet-wet applications in which the effect of the surrounding media on the sensor's characteristics is of key importance. The effect of humidity on the sensor's stability can be a problem, particularly in the case of capacitive sensors. A differential mode of operation can be a good solution, but manufacturing the appropriate sensing capacitors remains a major challenge. In the case of piezoresistive sensors the influence of humidity is less critical, but it still should be considered as an important parameter when designing sensors for low-pressure ranges. In this paper we discuss the stability of the sensors' offset characteristics, which was inspected closely using experimental and numerical analyses.

GPS for Aviation

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-355
Author(s):  
S. Ratcliffe
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Acquisition Mode ◽  
The Cost

It must be stated at the outset that the present author has a technical knowledge of Navstar GPS based only on fragments of the literature open to the public, and no knowledge whatever about the plans for its military use. An attempt will be made to discuss, from first principles, the consequences to both civil and friendly military users of the availability of a global, satellite-based navaid that makes possible the determination of position in three dimensions to a high accuracy. For civil users, confined to the ‘coarse acquisition’ mode, there is a 95 per cent probability that the horizontal position error will not exceed about 20 metres. For military users holding the key to a more sophisticated mode of operation, a significantly greater accuracy is available. The GPS also determines velocity, and data can be updated every second or so. It will be assumed that the navaid covers all the Earth's surface of interest, down to ground level. The cost of the satellite system is assumed to be high.

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